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51912 Federal Register/Vol. 70, No. 168 /Wednesday, August 31, 2005 /Rules and Regulations <br />exemptions would be from all but the <br />allocability of costs provisions of Appendix <br />A subsection C.3 of 2 CFR part 225, Cost <br />Principles for State, Local, and Indian Tribal <br />Governments (OMB Circular A -87); <br />Appendix A, Section C.4 of 2 CFR 220, Cost <br />Principles for Educational Institutions <br />(Circular A -21); Appendix A, subsection A.4 <br />of 2 CFR 230 Cost Principles for Non -Profit <br />Organizations (Circular A -122); and from all <br />of the administrative requirements provisions <br />of 2 CFR part 215, Uniform Administrative <br />Requirements for Grants and Agreements <br />with Institutions of Higher Education, <br />Hospitals, and Other Non - Profit <br />Organizations (Circular A -110), and the <br />agencies' grants management common rule. <br />(3) When a Federal agency provides this <br />flexibility, as a prerequisite to a State's <br />exercising this option, a State must adopt its <br />own written fiscal and administrative <br />requirements for expending and accounting <br />for all funds, which are consistent with the <br />provisions of 2 CFR part 225 (OMB Circular <br />A -87), and extend such policies to all <br />subrecipients. These fiscal and <br />administrative requirements must be <br />sufficiently specific to ensure that: Funds are <br />used in compliance with all applicable <br />Federal statutory and regulatory provisions, <br />costs are reasonable and necessary for <br />operating these programs, and funds are not <br />used for general expenses required to carry <br />out other responsibilities of a State or its <br />subrecipients. <br />B. Definitions <br />1. "Approval or authorization of the <br />awarding or cognizant Federal agency" <br />means documentation evidencing consent <br />prior to incurring a specific cost. If such costs <br />are specifically identified in a Federal award <br />document, approval of the document <br />constitutes approval of the costs. If the costs <br />are covered by a State /local -wide cost <br />allocation plan or an indirect cost proposal, <br />approval of the plan constitutes the approval. <br />2. "Award" means grants, cost <br />reimbursement contracts and other <br />agreements between a State, local and Indian <br />tribal government and the Federal <br />Government. <br />3. "Awarding agency" means (a) with <br />respect to a grant, cooperative agreement, or <br />cost reimbursement contract, the Federal <br />agency, and (b) with respect to a subaward, <br />the party that awarded the subaward. <br />4. "Central service cost allocation plan" <br />means the documentation identifying, <br />accumulating, and allocating or developing <br />billing rates based on the allowable costs of <br />services provided by a governmental unit on <br />a centralized basis to its departments and <br />agencies. The costs of these services may be <br />allocated or billed to users. <br />5 "Claim" means a written demand or <br />written assertion by the governmental unit or <br />grantor seeking, as a matter of right, the <br />payment of money in a sum certain, the <br />adjustment or interpretation of award terms, <br />or other relief arising under or relating to the <br />award. A voucher, invoice or other routine <br />request for payment that is not a dispute <br />when submitted is not a claim. Appeals, such <br />as those filed by a governmental unit in <br />response to questioned audit costs, are not <br />considered claims until a final management <br />decision is made by the Federal awarding <br />agency. <br />6. "Cognizant agency" means the Federal <br />agency responsible for reviewing, <br />negotiating, and approving cost allocation <br />plans or indirect cost proposals developed <br />under 2 CFR part 225 on behalf of all Federal <br />agencies. OMB publishes a listing of <br />cognizant agencies. <br />7. "Common Rule" means the "Uniform <br />Administrative Requirements for Grants and <br />Cooperative Agreements to State and Local <br />Governments; Final Rule" originally issued <br />at 53 FR 8034 -8103 (March 11, 1988). Other <br />common rules will be referred to by their <br />specific titles. <br />8. "Contract" means a mutually binding <br />legal relationship obligating the seller to <br />furnish the supplies or services (including <br />construction) and the buyer to pay for them. <br />It includes all types of commitments that <br />obligate the government to an expenditure of <br />appropriated funds and that, except as <br />otherwise authorized, are in writing. In <br />addition to bilateral instruments, contracts <br />include (but are not limited to): Awards and <br />notices of awards; job orders or task orders <br />issued under basic ordering agreements; <br />letter contracts; orders, such as purchase <br />orders, under which the contract becomes <br />effective by written acceptance or <br />performance; and, bilateral contract <br />modifications. Contracts do not include <br />grants and cooperative agreements covered <br />by 31 U.S.C. 6301 et seq. <br />9. "Cost" means an amount as determined <br />on a cash, accrual, or other basis acceptable <br />to the Federal awarding or cognizant agency. <br />It does not include transfers to a general or <br />similar fund. <br />10. "Cost allocation plan" means central <br />service cost allocation plan, public assistance <br />cost allocation plan, and indirect cost rate <br />proposal. Each of these terms is further <br />defined in this section. <br />11. "Cost objective" means a function, <br />organizational subdivision, contract, grant, or <br />other activity for which cost data are needed <br />and for which costs are incurred. <br />12. "Federally- recognized Indian tribal <br />government" means the governing body or a <br />governmental agency of any Indian tribe, <br />band, nation, or other organized group or <br />community (including any native village as <br />defined in Section 3 of the Alaska Native <br />Claims Settlement Act, 85 Stat. 688) certified <br />by the Secretary of the Interior as eligible for <br />the special programs and services provided <br />through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. <br />13. "Governmental unit" means the entire <br />State, local, or federally - recognized Indian <br />tribal government, including any component <br />thereof. Components of governmental units <br />may function independently of the <br />governmental unit in accordance with the <br />term of the award. <br />14. "Grantee department or agency" means <br />the component of a State, local, or federally - <br />recognized Indian tribal government which is <br />responsible for the performance or <br />administration of all or some part of a <br />Federal award. <br />15. "Indirect cost rate proposal" means the <br />documentation prepared by a governmental <br />unit or component thereof to substantiate its <br />request for the establishment of an indirect <br />cost rate as described in Appendix E of 2 CFR <br />part 225. <br />16. "Local government" means a county, <br />municipality, city, town, township, local <br />public authority, school district, special <br />district, intrastate district, council of <br />governments (whether or not incorporated as <br />a non -profit corporation under State law), <br />any other regional or interstate government <br />entity, or any agency or instrumentality of a <br />local government. <br />17. "Public assistance cost allocation plan" <br />means a narrative description of the <br />procedures that will be used in identifying, <br />measuring and allocating all administrative <br />costs to all of the programs administered or <br />supervised by State public assistance <br />agencies as described in Appendix D of 2 <br />CFR part 225. <br />18. "State" means any of the several States <br />of the United States, the District of Columbia, <br />the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, any <br />territory or possession of the United States, <br />or any agency or instrumentality of a State <br />exclusive of local governments. <br />C. Basic Guidelines <br />1. Factors affecting allowability of costs. To <br />be allowable under Federal awards, costs <br />must meet the following general criteria: <br />a. Be necessary and reasonable for proper <br />and efficient performance and administration <br />of Federal awards. <br />b. Be allocable to Federal awards under the <br />provisions of 2 CFR part 225. <br />c. Be authorized or not prohibited under <br />State or local laws or regulations. <br />d. Conform to any limitations or exclusions <br />set forth in these principles, Federal laws, <br />terms and conditions of the Federal award, <br />or other governing regulations as to types or <br />amounts of cost items. <br />e. Be consistent with policies, regulations, <br />and procedures that apply uniformly to both <br />Federal awards and other activities of the <br />governmental unit. <br />f. Be accorded consistent treatment. A cost <br />may not be assigned to a Federal award as <br />a direct cost if any other cost incurred for the <br />same purpose in like circumstances has been <br />allocated to the Federal award as an indirect <br />cost. <br />g. Except as otherwise provided for in 2 <br />CFR part 225, be determined in accordance <br />with generally accepted accounting <br />principles. <br />h. Not be included as a cost or used to meet <br />cost sharing or matching requirements of any <br />other Federal award in either the current or <br />a prior period, except as specifically <br />provided by Federal law or regulation. <br />i. Be the net of all applicable credits. <br />j. Be adequately documented. <br />2. Reasonable costs. A cost is reasonable if, <br />in its nature and amount, it does not exceed <br />that which would be incurred by a prudent <br />person under the circumstances prevailing at <br />the time the decision was made to incur the <br />cost. The question of reasonableness is <br />particularly important when governmental <br />units or components are predominately <br />federally - funded. In determining <br />reasonableness of a given cost, consideration <br />shall be given to: <br />a. Whether the cost is of a type generally <br />recognized as ordinary and necessary for the <br />operation of the governmental unit or the <br />performance of the Federal award. <br />