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51914 Federal Register /Vol. 70, No. 168 /Wednesday, August 31, 2005 /Rules and Regulations <br />assets and substantial relocation of <br />Federal programs <br />19. General government expenses <br />20. Goods or services for personal use <br />21. Idle facilities and idle capacity <br />22. Insurance and indemnification <br />23. Interest <br />24. Lobbying <br />25. Maintenance, operations, and repairs <br />26. Materials and supplies costs <br />27. Meetings and conferences <br />28. Memberships, subscriptions, and <br />professional activity costs <br />29. Patent costs <br />30. Plant and homeland security costs <br />31. Pre -award costs <br />32. Professional service costs <br />33. Proposal costs <br />34. Publication and printing costs <br />35. Rearrangement and alteration costs <br />36. Reconversion costs <br />37. Rental costs of building and equipment <br />38. Royalties and other costs for the use of <br />patents <br />39. Selling and marketing <br />40. Taxes <br />41. Termination costs applicable to <br />sponsored agreements <br />42. Training costs <br />43. Travel costs <br />Sections 1 through 43 provide principles to <br />be applied in establishing the allowability or <br />unallowability of certain items of cost. These <br />principles apply whether a cost is treated as <br />direct or indirect. A cost is allowable for <br />Federal reimbursement only to the extent of <br />benefits received by Federal awards and its <br />conformance with the general policies and <br />principles stated in Appendix A to this part. <br />Failure to mention a particular item of cost <br />in these sections is not intended to imply <br />that it is either allowable or unallowable; <br />rather, determination of allowability in each <br />case should be based on the treatment or <br />standards provided for similar or related <br />items of cost. <br />1. Advertising and public relations costs. <br />a. The term advertising costs means the <br />costs of advertising media and corollary <br />administrative costs. Advertising media <br />include magazines, newspapers, radio and <br />television, direct mail, exhibits, electronic or <br />computer transmittals, and the like. <br />b. The term public relations includes <br />community relations and means those <br />activities dedicated to maintaining the image <br />of the governmental unit or maintaining or <br />promoting understanding and favorable <br />relations with the community or public at <br />large or any segment of the public. <br />c. The only allowable advertising costs are <br />those which are solely for: <br />(1) The recruitment of personnel required <br />for the performance by the governmental unit <br />of obligations arising under a Federal award; <br />(2) The procurement of goods and services <br />for the performance of a Federal award; <br />(3) The disposal of scrap or surplus <br />materials acquired in the performance of a <br />Federal award except when governmental <br />units are reimbursed for disposal costs at a <br />predetermined amount; or <br />(4) Other specific purposes necessary to <br />meet the requirements of the Federal award. <br />d. The only allowable public relations <br />costs are: <br />(1) Costs specifically required by the <br />Federal award; <br />. (2) Costs of communicating with the public <br />and press pertaining to specific activities or <br />accomplishments which result from <br />performance of Federal awards (these costs <br />are considered necessary as part of the <br />outreach effort for the Federal award); or <br />(3) Costs of conducting general liaison with <br />news media and government public relations <br />officers, to the extent that such activities are <br />limited to communication and liaison <br />necessary keep the public informed on <br />matters of public concern, such as notices of <br />Federal contract /grant awards, financial <br />matters, etc. <br />e. Costs identified in subsections c and d <br />if incurred for more than one Federal award <br />or for both sponsored work and other work <br />of the governmental unit, are allowable to the <br />extent that the principles in Appendix A to <br />this part, sections E. ( "Direct Costs ") and F. <br />( "Indirect Costs ") are observed. <br />f. Unallowable advertising and public <br />relations costs include the following: <br />(1) All advertising and public relations <br />costs other than as specified in subsections <br />1.c, d, and e of this appendix; <br />(2) Costs of meetings, conventions, <br />convocations, or other events related to other <br />activities of the governmental unit, <br />including: <br />(a) Costs of displays, demonstrations, and <br />exhibits; <br />(b) Costs of meeting rooms, hospitality <br />suites, and other special facilities used in <br />conjunction with shows and other special <br />events; and <br />(c) Salaries and wages of employees <br />engaged in setting up and displaying <br />exhibits, making demonstrations, and <br />providing briefings; <br />(3) Costs of promotional items and <br />memorabilia, including models, gifts, and <br />souvenirs; <br />(4) Costs of advertising and public relations <br />designed solely to promote the governmental <br />unit. <br />2. Advisory councils. Costs incurred by <br />advisory councils or committees are <br />allowable as a direct cost where authorized <br />by the Federal awarding agency or as an <br />indirect cost where allocable to Federal <br />awards. <br />3. Alcoholic beverages. Costs of alcoholic <br />beverages are unallowable. <br />4. Audit costs and related services. <br />a. The costs of audits required by , and <br />performed in accordance with, the Single <br />Audit Act, as implemented by Circular A- <br />133, "Audits of States, Local Governments, <br />and Non -Profit Organizations" are allowable. <br />Also see 31 U.S.C. 7505(b) and section 230 <br />( "Audit Costs ") of Circular A -133. <br />b. Other audit costs are allowable if <br />included in a cost allocation plan or indirect <br />cost proposal, or if specifically approved by <br />the awarding agency as a direct cost to an <br />award. <br />c. The cost of agreed -upon procedures <br />engagements to monitor subrecipients who <br />are exempted from A -133 under section <br />200(d) are allowable, subject to the <br />conditions listed in A -133, section 230 (b)(2). <br />5. Bad debts. Bad debts, including losses <br />(whether actual or estimated) arising from <br />uncollectable accounts and other claims, <br />related collection costs, and related legal <br />costs, are unallowable. <br />6. Bonding costs. <br />a. Bonding costs arise when the Federal <br />Government requires assurance against <br />financial loss to itself or others by reason of <br />the act or default of the governmental unit. <br />They arise also in instances where the <br />governmental unit requires similar assurance. <br />Included are such bonds as bid, performance, <br />payment, advance payment, infringement, <br />and fidelity bonds. <br />b. Costs of bonding required pursuant to <br />the terms of the award are allowable. <br />c. Costs of bonding required by the <br />governmental unit in the general conduct of <br />its operations are allowable to the extent that <br />such bonding is in accordance with sound <br />business practice and the rates and premiums <br />are reasonable under the circumstances. <br />7. Communication costs. Costs incurred for <br />telephone services, local and long distance <br />telephone calls, telegrams, postage, <br />messenger, electronic or computer <br />transmittal services and the like are <br />allowable. <br />8. Compensation for personal services. <br />a. General. Compensation for personnel <br />services includes all remuneration, paid <br />currently or accrued, for services rendered <br />during the period of performance under <br />Federal awards, including but not necessarily <br />limited to wages, salaries, and fringe benefits. <br />The costs of such compensation are <br />allowable to the extent that they satisfy the <br />specific requirements of this and other <br />appendices under 2 CFR Part 225, and that <br />the total compensation for individual <br />employees: <br />(1) Is reasonable for the services rendered <br />and conforms to the established policy of the <br />governmental unit consistently applied to <br />both Federal and non - Federal activities; <br />(2) Follows an appointment made in <br />accordance with a governmental unit's laws <br />and rules and meets merit system or other <br />requirements required by Federal law, where <br />applicable; and <br />(3) Is determined and supported as <br />provided in subsection h. <br />b. Reasonableness. Compensation for <br />employees engaged in work on Federal <br />awards will be considered reasonable to the <br />extent that it is consistent with that paid for <br />similar work in other activities of the <br />governmental unit. In cases where the kinds <br />of employees required for Federal awards are <br />not found in the other activities of the <br />governmental unit, compensation will be <br />considered reasonable to the extent that it is <br />comparable to that paid for similar work in <br />the labor market in which the employing <br />government competes for the kind of <br />employees involved. Compensation surveys <br />providing data representative of the labor <br />market involved will be an acceptable basis <br />for evaluating reasonableness. <br />c. Unallowable costs. Costs which are <br />unallowable under other sections of these <br />principles shall not be allowable under this <br />section solely on the basis that they <br />constitute personnel compensation. <br />d. Fringe benefits. <br />(1) Fringe benefits are allowances and <br />services provided by employers to their <br />