Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
Home
My WebLink
About
PCD 2026-04-13 Item 2A - Discussion - Draft Climate Action Plan & Strategies / Proposed Environmental Plan
City of Tukwila Thomas McLeod, Mayor Marty Wine, City Administrator AGENDA BILL ITEM NO. 2.A. Agenda Item Draft Tukwila Climate Action Plan & Environment Report Sponsor Laurel Humphrey Legislative History April 14, 2025 Planning & Community Development Committee Recommended Motion © Discussion Only ❑ Action Requested EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Planning & Community Development Committee has established a focus area on climate strategies, and this agenda item is intended to provide further context for discussion. DISCUSSION Between January and June of 2024, students from the University of Washington Evans School conducted a project that included a Greenhouse Gas Inventory Assessment and development of recommendations for a Climate Action Plan. The students presented their final report to the Council on June 3, 2024. Staff is currently seeking a consultant to work on an environment report this year with funding from the King County Conservation District. ATTACHMENTS 1. Draft Climate Action Plan 2. Tukwila Environment Report: Status Brief & Action Plan — Draft Contents 33 TU KW I LA'S CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2024 Adopted MONTH DAY, YEAR CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS City Council Mayor Thomas McLeod Councilmember Tosh Sharp Councilmember Armen Papyan Councilmember Hannah Hedrick Councilmember Dennis Martinez Councilmember Mohamed Abdi Councilmember Jovita McConnel Councilmember De'Sean Quinn City of Tukwila Staff Colleen Minion - Solid Waste Analyst Nora Gierloff - Department of Community Development Director Griffin Lerner - Public Works Analyst Isaac Gloor - Department of Community Development Planner External Agencies and Partners King County -Cities Climate Collaboration (K4C)' Consultant Team UW Evans School of Public Policy and Governance Student Consulting Lab Lauren Hogrewe Meghan Reckmeyer Surabhi Subedi Valeria Lujan Vega 1 This Climate Action Plan was developed using the toolkit and emission inventory provided by K4C. Report Design: This document's formatting, including fonts and colors, draws inspiration from the San Francisco Climate Action Plan. We acknowledge and appreciate the work of the San Francisco Department of the Environment. • POSITIONALITY STATEMENT A MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR TUKWILA'S CLIMATE ACTION PLAN CONTENTS CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 POSITIONALITY STATEMENT 3 A MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 Community Engagement 7 Strategies 8 OVERVIEW 9 Why a Climate Action Plan? 9 Vision and Values 9 Climate Action: Past, Present, Future 10 A call to action 10 Major Climate Impacts 11 King County and Pacific Northwest 11 Tukwila 11 Equity 12 Engaging the Community 12 CURRENT EMISSIONS PROFILE 13 Forecasted Emissions and Targets 14 CLIMATE RISKS AND RESILIENCE 18 Floods and Sea Level Rise Risks 18 Heat 20 Landslides 22 Flood Hazard Mitigation Planning —Tukwila Comprehensive Plan 2015 22 Climate Risks Resilience Strategies 23 Flood/Sea Level Rise Risks 23 Heat 23 Landslides 24 EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS 25 Demographics 25 Threats 25 38 Proximity to major highways 25 Proximity to industrial centers 26 Lack of open space 27 Vulnerabilities 28 Environmental Health Disparities 28 Climate and Economic Justice 29 STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS 31 Multi -Criteria Analysis Framework 31 Buildings and Energy 33 Transportation 38 Consumption and Waste 42 Natural Systems 44 Community Resilience 46 39 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2023 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report identifies the undeniable impacts of human activities and associated GHG emissions on climate change and the urgency of climate solutions. These impacts cut across human and natural systems, including water availability and food production, health and well-being, cities and infrastructure, and biodiversity and ecosystems. The City of Tukwila and the surrounding Pacific Northwest (PNW) region are already facing such impacts, including increased frequency and intensity of wildfires, extreme and prolonged heat waves and heat domes, sea level rise, and flooding. The effects of climate change exacerbate existing public health, safety, and environmental hazards, which disproportionately impact historically overburdened communities. In alignment with a growing number of cities nationwide, Tukwila is adopting this Climate Action Plan to use as a roadmap to reduce emissions and support our community's resilience to the inevitable impacts of climate change. Community Engagement 40 Strategies Each climate action was evaluated based on the following criteria: emission reduction potential, ease of implementation, climate justice and equity, and economic recovery and local resiliency. The recommended climate actions are grouped in the following strategies listed below. Table 1: GHG Reduction and Community Resilience Strategies BUILDINGS AND ENERGY 1 Promote electrification and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in buildings. 2 Secure funding and grants for energy efficiency initiatives. 3 Improve building codes and standards. TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE 1 Prioritize sustainability, walkability, and dense, mixed -use development in land use planning. 2 Decrease demand for and overall use of personal automobiles. 3 Reduce emissions from government operations and city -owned and operated vehicles. CONSU MPTION AN D WASTE 1 Increase waste diversion from landfills and reduce waste generation. 2 Increase education and awareness of waste diversion opportunities. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1 Preserve, restore, and enhance local natural resources and open spaces. 2 Promote stormwater infrastructure and water efficiency. COMMUNITY RESILIENCE 1 Plan for climate change by building staff, business, and community capacity. 41 OVERVIEW Why a Climate Action Plan? Climate change is one of the primary challenges facing our communities and cities today. As our planet grows warmer, local impacts have already been felt through the rise of extreme weather events. The smoke from wildfires has turned the sky orange and the air difficult to breathe, while diminishing snowpack in the Cascade mountains endangers the region's water supply. Heavy rainfall risks overflowing the Green and Duwamish Rivers, and deadly heat waves have become increasingly common. While climate change is a global challenge, there is a local opportunity to act. A majority of global emissions stem from the urban built environment, including our homes, buildings, streets, and infrastructure. There is an important role for cities in reducing emissions and preparing communities for the future through adaptation and mitigation. Local steps towards climate action today can have a profound impact on tomorrow. Over the next several decades, Tukwila and the Puget Sound region will continue to face threats to natural resources and the quality of life of future generations. The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), in partnership with King County and the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, established key reasons why local government climate change planning is necessary: • Climate change is already impacting the region and its residents. These impacts will intensify and accelerate in the coming decades. • Climate change impacts are certain to continue after greenhouse gas emissions are stabilized, meaning that governments must be positioned for long-term climate adaptation. • Strategic planning can reduce future risks and economic consequences. • Local governments are on the frontlines of climate impacts and are best positioned to advance community -centered climate resiliency and planning. For this reason, the city of Tukwila is committed to addressing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the local level, promoting equity and building resilience. Vision and Values We envision a resilient future, united in a bold climate action plan. Through sustainable practices and community engagement, we thrive amidst challenges, ensuring a green and equitable future. 42 Climate Action: Past, Present, Future Before adopting the CAP, the City had already made significant efforts in environmental stewardship. The following timeline represents a high-level overview of some notable Tukwila climate efforts. Figure 1: History of Tukwila Climate Policies (Source: City of Tukwila) 2006: Passage of WA Commute Trip Reduction Efficiency Act • Washington legislation requires local governments to develop and implement a plan to reduce single -occupant vehicle trips to combat air pollution and traffic congestion, which results in Tukwila's 2007 Commute Trip Reduction Plan. 2007: Resolution No. 1649 • Established the city's greenhouse gas reduction program and adopted a citywide resolution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent by 2020. 2009: Non -Motorized Plan (Ordinance No. 2222) • Established the Walk and Roll Plan to engage Tukwila residents who bike and walk for fun, fitness, and travel. 2 r 11: Res ution No. 1747 • Established partnership with King County -Cities Collaboration (K4C) and participation in the lnterlocal Agreement for Climate Collaboration. 2014: Tukwila Comprehensive Plan • Identifies local climate impacts including increased wildfire smoke days, heat waves, extreme precipitation, sea level rise, and flooding events. 2015: Green Tukwila 20-Year Plan (Resolution No. 1906) • Establishes 20-year plan to restore and manage 138 acres of natural spaces to reduce stormwater runoff, improve water and air quality, support communities, reduce greenhouse gases, restore habitat, and improve quality of life. 2019: King County inMotion Campaign • King County campaign that encouraged Tukwila residents to explore transit atternatives to drive - along travel including trips by bike, foot, transit, and ridesharing. 2020: Shoreline Master Program Update (Ordinance No. 2626) • Identifies opportunities to preserve the natural character of the GreenfDuwamish River shoreline, protect natural resources and ecology, and increase public access and opportunities. 2023: RE+ Pledge • Identifies waste management strategies to create a more resilient, equitable. and cost-effective system and to meet the 2030 goal of zero waste. A call to action 43 Major Climate Impacts King County and Pacific Northwest Heatwaves have and continue to become more frequent and severe. In King County, data from recent heatwaves show alarming trends; for instance, during the heat dome event of 2021, temperatures in Seattle soared to record highs, exceeding 100°F (37.8°C) for three consecutive days.2 This led to over 150 heat -related deaths in the region.' Wildfire frequency and intensity has increased. In September 2020, the PNW experienced a severe season of wildfire season.4 The Labor Day windstorm fanned numerous fires across Washington. More than 500,000 acres burned in less than a 36-hour period.' Urban flooding can occur during periods of heavy rainfall, melting snow, or severe storms. The geography of King County, with most rivers flowing from the Cascades, means that these waterways, including the Green, Snoqualmie, and South Fork Skykomish rivers, are susceptible to severe flooding during snow -melt periods which is exacerbated by climate change.' Coastal flooding can be caused by sea level rise. By 2030, King County is projected to have an increase of 2 to 3 feet sea level rise which could go up to up to 5 feet by 2100.2 Tukwila The Green and Duwamish Rivers run right through the center of Tukwila, putting it at severe risk of flooding, with projections indicating that over the next 30 years, 29% of all properties in Tukwila face a greater than 26% chance of being severely affected by flooding.8 Urban areas like Tukwila are particularly vulnerable to heatwaves due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. Buildings, roads, and other man-made surfaces retain heat more than natural areas. This means that HAZARD Floods and Sea Level Rise Risks Landslides RISK 30% of all properties in Tukwila are at risk of flooding Temperatures could be approximately 1-6°F above those in less developed areas Could disrupt traffic and damage nearby homes z Hottest Day Ever in Seattle (June 28, 2021). (2021, June 13). UW Emergency Management. https://www.washington.edu/uwem/2021/07/13/hottest-day-ever-in- seattle-june- --2021/#:-:text=Seattle%20hits%20triple%20digits%20for. 'Casey, J. A., Parks, R. M., Bruckner, T. A., Gemmill, A., & Catalano, R. (2023). Excess Injury Mortality in Washington State During the 2021 Heat Wave. American Journal of Public Health, 113(6), 657-660. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307269. 4 Weinberger, H. (2020, October 2). Wildfire smoke is still hurting Washington, weeks later. Crosscut. Retrieved from https://crosscut. com/environment/2020/10/wildfire-smoke-still-hurting-wash i ngton-weeks-later. 'Wildfire Season 2020. Wildfire Division Season Summary. (2020, December 1). Washington State Department of Natural Resources . https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/rp fire annual report 2020.pdf. 6 King County Emergency Management. (n.d.). Flood. Retrieved from https://kingcounty.gov/en/legacy/depts/emergency-management/hazards/flood.aspx. 'Turner, N. (2022, February 26). What new projections of sea level rise mean for Puget Sound and the WA coast. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/Seattle-news/environment/what-new-projections-of-sea-level-rise-mean-for-puget-sound-and-the-wa- coast/#:-:text=According%20to%20projections%20from%202018,to%205%20feet%20%E2%80%94%20bv%202100. 8 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 44 temperatures could be up to 6°F higher than less developed areas.' Tukwila is expected to experience increases in the frequency of landslides as a result of the continued declines in snowpack and projected increases in the intensity of rain events.1° Equity Climate change doesn't affect everyone in the same way. It disproportionately impacts marginalized communities exposed to low air quality, food deserts, heat islands, housing affordability, lack of open space, few public transit options, high heating and energy costs, and longer commutes. Due to discriminatory policies such as redlining and zoning practices, marginalized communities have higher exposure to climate -related poor air quality and conditions such as nearby major highways, diesel particulate matter, industrial centers, waste disposal centers, energy generation and distribution sites, and urban heat island effects — all of which affect health conditions and life expectancy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider equity in climate action planning to systematically alleviate burdens, and to avoid perpetuating environmental injustices. Engaging the Community Community engagement is also a necessary starting point for climate action planning since many actions are carried out by and require the support of individuals in the community. Community engagement is a primary component of any climate action planning process, and is sometimes referred to or known as community - driven climate resilience planning.' Increased community involvement in climate solutions increases the effectiveness of and public support for such solutions and democratizes the climate planning process12. One reason is that local -based knowledge and solutions can help cities develop unique place -based approaches and adaptation solutions that are rooted in success and community priorities13 14. By offering local solutions, community -centered climate planning ensures that planning goals are met and communities are empowered in the process. Community engagement may also facilitate the exchange of resources and information among community members, in turn building social capital, strengthening existing community networks, and enhancing resiliency among vulnerable communities. To achieve the full benefits of community -driven climate resilience planning, cities must enhance opportunities for community participation in decision -making. This includes building deeper partnerships with community -based organizations, increasing awareness of systematic racism, and committing to solutions that address root causes. 9 Yadrick, M. (2019, July 26). Extreme Heat and Seattle -Area Urban Heat Islands. Green Seattle Partnership. https://greenseattle.org/extreme-heat-and-seattle-area- urban-heat-islands/. 10 How Will Climate Change Affect Landslides, Erosion, and Sediment Transport? https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/11/ps- sok sec05 sediment 2015.pdf. 11Serena Alexander, Asha Weinstein Agrawal, and Benjamin Y. Clark. "Local Climate Action Planning as a Tool to Harness the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Equity Potential of Autonomous Vehicles and On -Demand Mobility" Mineta Transportation Institute Publications (2021). https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1818. 12 Kane, J., Tomer, A., & Russell Black, J. (2022, September 22). Not according to plan: Exploring gaps in city climate planning and the need for regional action. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/not-according-to-plan-exploring-gaps-in-city-climate-planning-and-the-need-for-regional-action. 13 Chen, R. (2023). Climate Change Communication Strategies for Urban Planners in Puget Sound, WA - ProQuest. University of Washington ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/openview/78dfe9e41f0f293cb5dd16796784f666/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cb1=18750&disc=y. 14 Climate Action Toolkit. (n.d.). In King County. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/climate-action-toolkit-04-2021.pdf. 45 CURRENT EMISSIONS PROFILE Human activities, like burning fossil fuels to meet energy and transportation needs, management of solid waste, and other practices, are the primary source of GHG emissions and the main driver of climate change globally. Understanding Tukwila's current and historic GHG emissions is imperative for implementing relevant and effective climate action. As illustrated in Figure 2, Tukwila's largest source of emissions in the community in 2019 was on -road vehicles, followed by building electricity, gas use in buildings, and aviation. Figure 2: Tukwila's 2019 GHG Inventory15 Refrigerants: 2°Io Solid Waste: 2°i° Built Environment: 45% - EMISSION SOURCES BUILT ENVIRONMENT — Transportation & Other Mobile Sources: 51°Io MTCO2e 282,787 Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane 173,384 101,886 7,181 336 TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER MOBILE SOURCES On -Road Vehicles Off -Road Equipment Aviation 291,588 9,555 19,828 SOLID WASTE 12,482 Compost generation and disposal Landfill generation and disposal 109 12,373 REFRIGERANTS 11,170 1 ODS Substitutes Switchgear Insulation 11,133 36 15 Cascadia Consulting Group. (2022). King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Puget Sound Regional Emissions. In King County. https://your.kingcounty.goy/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-geographic-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report-09-2022.pdf 46 Figure 3: Per Capita Emissions of Cities in King County (2019)16 Per Capita, by Jurisdiction MT CO2e per capita 87.5 80 60 40 0.4 19.7 18.1 17.3 20 16.4 IIIIIHIiHhIIIIiiiiiiiiiii.iuiuiii..... 14.6 14.2 14.1 12.6 12.011.3 11.2 10,5 9.89595949493878683 7.67.45.3 0 4 ° - zs �¢a`c fi�,�a '�� `�¢�� 4 a 'fis�i Q,�a a-` .c ckty��Q� t4`o C` o a`a Qa4�°� ��` °fi ``� �e \¢ a Qd - f`e .`E� .P 440 C40° ss �e� e� t��5a 'e�� a�a �E�egd c o rf+ CA - Jurisdiction In 2019, Tukwila had the ninth highest level of total emissions of King County cities (627,410 MT CO2e). Tukwila ranked third in emissions per capita at 29.98 MT CO2e when comparing all cities in King County, as seen in Figure 3. The City had the highest level of per capita Transportation & Other Mobile Sources emissions (15.34 MT CO2e) and the third highest per capita built environment emissions (13.51 MT CO2e). Tukwila is home to over 21,000 residents, many of whom commute to work elsewhere. However, it is also the location of Washington State's largest shopping mall, the Westfield Southcenter, which brings in over 15 million visitors annually.17 With limited accessible or convenient public transit options,l8 the influx of commuters traveling via personal vehicle contributes to the increases in overall and per capita transportation sector emissions in Tukwila. Forecasted Emissions and Targets Current emission trends in Tukwila and globally make it clear that the City needs to take action to reduce emissions; however, it is also important to understand how much Tukwila should reduce and how fast those reductions need to occur. Figure 4 shows the trajectory of emissions in Tukwila if no future action is taken (black dotted line). The graph also depicts the impact on emissions reductions of federal, state, and regional 16 Geographic GHG Emissions Inventory Database. King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://kcl.sharepoint.com/:u:/t/DNRPa/EZ7hxHhEx2FLpuRtRAVbwB4BSDLkeOrgIQMgvMyylxd-wQ?e=7guluL. 17 Reporter, P. R., KOMO News. (2023, October 10). Westfield Southcenter mall expansion raises public safety concerns. KOMO. https://komonews.com/news/loco I/westfield-southcenter-ma II-tu kwila-washi ngton-Seattle-expansion-di ni ng-district-rests ura nt-row-retail-shopping-crime-crisis- shooting-parking-garage-car-prowl-vehicle-auto-theft-fight-teens-project-hol idays-black-friday-king-county#. 18 Shopping Center Westfield Southcenter. (n.d.). Www.westfield.com. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://www.westfield.com/united-states/southcenter/access. 47 policies (each colored wedge) and sector -specific plans and commitments. Washington State policies included the Energy Code, Clean Buildings Act, Clean Fuel Standards, Internal Combustion Engine Ban, Hydrofluorocarbon Policies, Clean Energy Transformation Act, and Climate Commitment Act. The wedge analysis also incorporates emissions reductions from federal vehicle regulations and regional transportation plan vehicle miles traveled reductions from the Puget Sound Regional Council. The red dotted line represents the Tukwila and King County targets, which include emissions reductions from a 2007 baseline of 50% by 2030, 75% by 2040, and 95% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2050. The grey area of the wedge in Figure 4 represents both the gap of emissions reductions needed to accomplish Tukwila's emissions goals and the opportunity for CAP strategies and actions. Figure 4: Tukwila's Forecasted GHG Emissions Trajectory19 1,2oa,000 7.00a000 Baitoek 600,000 4OO,000 2UO,000 Forecasted Emissions Reductions r r—� Historical emissions estimation Scenario: no action future Scenario: federal state, and regional policies only Emissions gap Federal, State, & Regional Policies WA Energy Code WA Clean Buildings Act Federal Vehicle Regulations WA Clean Fuel Standards - WA Internal Combustion Engine Ban PSRC Regional Transportation Plan VMT Reductions . WA Hydrofluorocarbon Policies . WA Clean Energy Transformation Act WA Climate Commitment Act Sector -Specific Plans & Conceit n erns Aviation industry Regional marine, rail and ferry transport Targeted emissions 19 Geographic GHG Wedge Planning Tool. King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://your.kingcounty.goy/dnrp/cli mate/documents/2023/psrea-project-geographic-ghg-wedge-planning-tool-08-2023.xlsx. 48 Figure 5: Projected GHG Emissions & Targets Needed20 700,1100 600,000 40g000 300,1100 200,000 104000 2030 Projected GHG Emissions 204p 2050 Tree loss Agriculture Refrigerants Wastewater process emissions - Compost Landfill � Mart e&rail Aviation - Off -road equipment On -road vehicles Industrial processes Propane Fuel oil - Natural Gas Electricity t-forget Transportation emissions are projected to be the fastest decreasing emissions source. As seen in Figure 5 and Figure 6, transportation and buildings sectors continue to be the largest sources of emissions projected out to 2050. Given the contribution of gas to emissions, it is important to continue electrifying buildings and expanding renewable energy generation in the electric sector to reduce overall emissions in Tukwila and regionally. To meet the Strategic Climate Action Plan and K4C targets of reaching 50%, 75%, and 95% emissions reductions by 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively, it is clear that additional efforts at the local level are necessary. 20 Geographic GHG Wedge Planning Tool. King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://your.kingcounty.goy/dnrplclimate/documents/2023/psrea-project-geographic-ghg-wedge-planning-tool-08-2023.xlsx. 49 Figure 6: Tukwila's Forecasted Emissions by Sector21 700,000 600.000 500,000 400.000 5 300,000 2019 Forecasted Emissions This scenario achieves the following reductions z03o 2040 2050 in GHG emissions (compared to baseline levels); 48% by 2030 - 64% by 2040 - 68% by 2050 100,000 Built Environment Transportation & Other Mobile Sources Solid Waste & Wastewater Land Usa Refrigerants 5equestratic n' • Net emissions after se uestration Land tree carbon sequestration levels (i-e., "sinks') were only estimated at the county -level. It is recommended that sequestration is only considered after all possible emissions reduction pathways are pursued; therefore, sequestration estimations are only shown for 2050 as a mechanism for meeting Zang -term carbon neutrality goals. 21 Geographic GHG Wedge Planning Tool. King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://your.kinecounty.eov/dnrp/climate/documents/2023/psrea-project-geographic-ehe-wedge-planning-tool-08-2023.xlsx. 50 CLIMATE RISKS AND RESILIENCE Climate change poses multiple challenges to Tukwila, impacting its natural landscapes, utility services, economy, and biodiversity. Climate change could lead to higher sea levels, affecting the Green/Duwamish River by increasing river and stream water levels and altering tidal flows. The Green/Duwamish River is already struggling with elevated water temperatures, which is detrimental to salmon. In addition, Tukwila is also at a high risk of intensified urban heat island effects as the City's-built environment is characterized by extensive impervious surfaces. There are some areas that are also prone to landslides in Tukwila.22 This section expands upon climate risks specific to Tukwila, particularly focusing on flood and sea level rise risks, heatwaves, and landslides. In addition, it will discuss the Tukwila Comprehensive PIan23 flood mitigation planning briefly and lay out the strategies and recommendations that are specific to Tukwila's risks. Floods and Sea Level Rise Risks The Green and Duwamish Rivers run right through the center of the City. Tukwila is identified as having a severe risk of flooding. Projections indicate that over the next 30 years, 29% of all properties in Tukwila face a greater than 26% chance of being severely affected by flooding, which translates to 1,255 properties out of the City's total, highlighting a significant vulnerability within the community. 24 The implications of such flooding risks are multifaceted, impacting not just property and infrastructure but also accessibility to essential services, utilities, emergency response capabilities, and the broader economic health of the area. Flooding can sever transportation routes, disrupt daily life, and necessitate substantial recovery efforts.25 According to the data from Risk Factor, the City's infrastructure and properties face varied levels of flood risk as seen in Figure 7.26 Residential areas are at extreme risk, with 676 out of 3,741 homes potentially affected. Critical infrastructure is at moderate risk, roads face severe risk with 98 out of 200 miles vulnerable, commercial properties are at extreme risk, and social facilities face a major risk.27 22 City of Tukwila Hazard Mitigation Plan City of Tukwila Plan Annex. (2020). King County. https://cdn.kingcountv.gov/-/media/king-county/depts/executive- services/emergency-management/regions I -catastrophic -prepared ness- grant/plans/tukwila hazard mitigation plan with resolution.pdf?rev=2b2c4b62aa8e444ebffe218d5ec2c26a&hash=1C8D77607BA68AE44222A0B91B86C5A6. 23 City of Tukwila Comprehensive Plan. (2015). City of Tukwila. https://www.tukwilawa.gov/wp-content/uploads/DCD-Comprehensive-Plan.pdf. 24 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 25 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 26 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 27 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 51 Figure 7: Flood Risk in Tukwila28 Figure 8: Community Impact from Flood in Tukwila29 Residential Q Commercial Q 11 Infrastructure Q 11 Social Q 11 Roads Q Risk levels Minimal Moderate Minor Moderate Major Severe Extreme Major Severe Extreme Extreme According to the City of Tukwila Hazard Mitigation Plan, the Green/Duwamish River runs through the entire City from the north and south boundaries. There are concerns based on King County's 100-year flood map, that flooding could affect 28 residential properties and 21 commercial properties (including a professional sports complex and a golf course).30 Flooding poses a substantial risk in the region and necessitates appropriate strategies for the City to become more adaptable and resilient to flooding. 28 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 29 Tukwila, WA Flood Map and Climate Risk Report. (n.d.). RiskFactor.com. https://riskfactor.com/city/tukwila-wa/5372625 fsid/flood. 30 City of Tukwila Hazard Mitigation Plan Annex. (2020). King County. https://cdn.kingcounty.gov/-/media/king-county/depts/executive-services/emergency- ma nagement/regiona l-catastroph ic-preparedness- grant/plans/tukwila hazard mitigation plan with resolution.pdf?rev=2b2c4b62aa8e444ebffe218d5ec2c26a&hash=1C8D77607BA68AE44222A0B91B86C5A6. 52 Heat As heatwaves become more intense in the PNW, urban areas like Tukwila are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects, including the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. This phenomenon leads to significantly higher temperatures in urban areas compared to their surrounding rural zones, primarily due to the dense concentration of heat -absorbing infrastructure such as buildings, roads, and other man-made surfaces.31 These materials retain heat and re -emit it, resulting in elevated temperatures. For Tukwila, daytime temperatures could be approximately 1-6°F higher, with nighttime temperatures around 2-5°F above those in less developed, rural areas.32 The presence of heat islands in urban settings exacerbates the effects of heatwaves, posing health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with pre- existing health conditions. 31 US EPA. (2019, May 22). Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect. 32 Yadrick, M. (2019, July 26). Extreme Heat and Seattle -Area Urban Heat Islands. Green Seattle Partnership. https://greenseattle.org/extreme-heat-and-seattle-area- urban-heat-islands/. 53 Figure 9: Tukwila Morning Temperature (July Figure 10: Afternoon Temperature (July 2020) Figure 11: Evening Temperature (July 2020) 33 34 2020) 35 Morning_Te m p e ratu re_ Mod eI_ King_Co u n ty M om i n g_Tem pe ratu re_M od el_Kin g_Co u my 554.438531 55.417044 556.325663 57.653645 559,191308 560.589184 561.707485 562.685997 564.013979 _<69.186119 Afte rnoan_Tem perat u re_M ode I_ K i n g_Cou my Evening_Tem per ature_M ode I_ K i n g_C ou n ty Aftemoon_Ternperakure_Model_King_County Evening Temperature_Model_King_Counky ▪ 85.740131 <87.094106 <88.109588 B8.842992 <89.407149 ▪ 89.858474 ▪ 90.366215 ▪ 90.930372 ▪ 91.607359 ▪ 96.402691 1 580.409063 S 81.293931 <_82,178799 83,304995 84.592076 S 85.637829 S 86.603139 S 87.729335 S 89.096858 596.738899 33ArcGIS Web Application. (n.d.). Www.arcgis.com; King County. hops://www.arcgis.com/apes/webappviewer/index.html?id=84709c65c08a40bbb47d0723ef1c797a&extent= 13604644. 13561266.7829%2C6046616.5065%2C102100. 34 ArcGIS Web Application. (2023). Www.arcgis.com; King County. https://www.arcgis.com/apes/webappviewer/index.html?id=84709c65c08a40bbb47d0723ef1c797a&extent= 13604644. 13561266.7829%2C6046616.5065%2C102100. 35ArcG!S Web Application. (2023). Www.arcgis.com; King County. https://www.arcgis.com/a pps/webappviewer/i ndex. htm I?id=84709c65c08a40bbb47d0723ef1c797a&extent=-13604644. 13561266.7829%2C6046616.5065%2C102100. 7965%2C6019787.1095%2C- 7965%2C6019787.1095%2C- 7965%2C6019787.1095%2C- 54 Figure Figure 10, and Figure 11 are snapshots from the King County Heat Mapping Project36 adjusted to the Tukwila area. The data was collected on July 27, 2020. We can see in Figure 9 that the morning temperature is more spread out, however, in the afternoon and evening, the heat is concentrated in a single column and does not subside from afternoon to evening. Thus, the urban heat island pattern can be seen. The temperature escalates in the afternoon (Figure 10), reaching around 90 degrees due to heat concentration in some areas. Temperatures remain high even in the evening (Figure 11), highlighting the persistence of the urban heat island effect. The progression from morning to evening, with temperatures peaking and concentrating in the specific area in the afternoon and remaining consistently high at night not only exacerbates the discomfort during heatwaves but also amplifies health risks, energy demand for cooling, and overall environmental stress. Heat islands tend to affect already made - vulnerable populations, and thus necessitate comprehensive mitigation strategies. Landslides According to the King County Hazard Mitigation Plan, some areas in Tukwila are prone to landslides. A particular zone in Tukwila, situated near a significant arterial road around the 15200 block of Interurban Ave South, is identified as susceptible to landslides. This area, historically affected by slides, has undergone efforts to fortify the hillside. Below this potential landslide zone, Canyon Estates Condominiums are positioned, with jersey barriers installed at the base to block debris from slides. Should a landslide occur here, it might primarily disrupt traffic and damage nearby homes, though extreme cases could pose safety risks.37 Flood Hazard Mitigation Planning -Tukwila Comprehensive Plan 2015 Flood Hazard Mitigation Planning has been a critical resilience planning component of Tukwila's Comprehensive Plan. The plan outlines a multi -faceted approach to flood management and adaptation. It includes leveraging levee systems to protect critical areas from the Green River's flooding, participating in FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program, and addressing localized flooding through infrastructure improvements, like the regional detention facility near Southcenter Boulevard. Future strategies emphasize coordinating with federal and local agencies for levee maintenance, enhancing riparian habitats without compromising levee integrity, and adopting land use and development regulations that mitigate flood risks, consistent with FEMA and the King County Flood Control District's policies.38 Table 2 provides the summary of Tukwila's comprehensive approach plans to take for flood mitigation and adaptation, focusing on both protection and environmental stewardship. 36 ArcGIS Web Application. (2023). Www.arcgis.com; King County. https://www.arcgis.com/a pps/webs ppviewer/index.htm I?id=84709c65c08a40bbb47d0723ef1c797a&extent=-13604644.7965%2C6019787.1095%2C- 13561266.7829%2C6046616.5065%2C 102100. 37 City of Tukwila Comprehensive Plan. (2015). City of Tukwila. https://www.tukwilawa.gov/wp-content/uploads/DCD-Comprehensive-Plan.pdf. 38 City of Tukwila Comprehensive Plan. (2015). City of Tukwila. https://www.tukwilawa. ov wp-content/uploads/DCD-Comprehensive-Plan.pdf. 55 Table 2: Flood Policies Summary —Tukwila Comprehensive Plan39 Goal Policies Summary Goal 4.9 Focuses on protecting natural flood attenuation functions to reduce severe flooding and damage. Policies include restricting development in hazardous areas, minimizing alterations to natural water features, reducing public health risks from flooding, and using bioengineering for flood control. Goal 4.10 Aims to ensure the levee system meets FEMA standards. Policies involve coordinating with agencies for levee maintenance, restricting encroachments, developing vegetation policies for levees, and collaborating on flood control projects. Goal 5.2 Seeks to expand the river's value through regional coordination and fostering river appreciation. Policies include coordinating with local jurisdictions, promoting river stewardship, and supporting habitat improvement projects. Goal 5.10 Focuses on improving water quality and control programs for the river. Policies cover designing shoreline developments to minimize pollution, managing flood control impacts on shoreline uses, and enhancing shoreline habitat functions. Climate Risks Resilience Strategies Based on Tukwila's context and some best practice research, some climate risk resilience strategies for Tukwila should include the following: Flood/Sea Level Rise Risks • Enhance their levee systems, which involves reinforcing existing barriers and incorporating advanced monitoring technologies for early flood detection and response. • Construct green infrastructure like rain gardens, permeable pavements, and green roofs can help manage stormwater runoff, and mitigate flood risks. • Strengthen community emergency planning by developing comprehensive evacuation and response plans and ensuring that residents are well-informed and prepared for flood events. • Promote ecological restoration by reviving natural habitats along rivers and streams to support biodiversity, improve water quality, and stabilize shorelines, thus reducing the impact of floods. • Partner with King County Flood District and Army Corp of Engineers to improve flood mitigation planning and building new codes. Heat • Develop an emergency plan focusing on establishing cooling centers strategically distributed across the City. 39 City of Tukwila Comprehensive Plan. (2015). City of Tukwila. https://www.tukwilawa.gov/wp-content/uploads/DCD-Comprehensive-Plan.pdf. 56 • Offer incentives and rebates aimed at encouraging property owners to adopt climate -smart modifications. These could include transforming impervious surfaces to greener alternatives, installing green roofs, and improving indoor air quality. • Expand green spaces and uphold the health of current ecosystems. Key actions include boosting the tree canopy in heat -prone zones and ensuring that any tree removal is offset by equivalent planting to maintain carbon capture efficiency. Landslides • Conduct a thorough evaluation of the City's construction regulations to identify how they can be enhanced to better resist landslide threats. • Update zoning codes to limit or control development in high -risk areas, imposing strict building codes for areas that are deemed buildable. • Develop clear communication plans to inform residents about landslide risks, if there are any in the landslide risk zone, including education on recognizing early warning signs and appropriate response actions. 57 EQUITY CONSIflERATIONE Crafting Tukwila's Climate Action Plan requires understanding the City's unique history and the present challenges it faces. Located at the convergence of rivers, highways, and railroads, Tukwila's strategic location has long shaped its identity as a vital hub of commerce. However, this very positioning has also exposed the community to vulnerabilities. In this section, we will identify key threats and vulnerabilities specific to Tukwila, including proximity to major highways, proximity to industrial centers, lack of open space, and high health risks. Demographics Tukwila is a community marked by its diversity of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Notably, 40% of its residents are foreign born. Below is an overview of the demographic composition: Table 3: Tukwila QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau4° Tukwila QuickFacts Race and Hispanic Origin White alone 31.8% Black or African American alone 17.4% Asian alone 24.4% Hispanic or Latino 22.2% Population Characteristics Foreign born persons, 2018-2022 40.0% Transportation Mean travel time to work (minutes) 26.8 Income and Poverty Median household income (in 2022 dollars) $76,331 Persons in poverty 13.3% Threats Proximity to major highways During the 1950s, the federal government allocated funds for extensive highway expansion projects, often targeting the most economically disadvantaged neighborhoods within cities. This disproportionate focus on communities of color not only disrupts and fragments the physical, social, and cultural cohesion of these areas but also exacerbates air pollution and increases the prevalence of impervious surfaces, which increases the risk of extreme temperatures in the summer. Research on Seattle's zoning regulations from 1923 indicates 4° U.S. Census Bureau. (2023) QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tukwilacitywashington/PST045223#qf-flag-X. 58 that districts inhabited by Black or Chinese-American families were notably more inclined to receive commercial zoning, which correlates with higher concentrations of impervious surfaces.41 In Tukwila, this historical trend is evident in the construction of major highways Interstate 405 and Interstate 5, which intersect in the City (see Figure 12). The environmental consequences of highway development, such as increased air and noise pollution, have a negative effect on the quality of life for those living in proximity. Figure 12: Bird's Eye View of Interstates 405 and 5 Converging in Tukwila42 Proximity to industrial centers Tukwila's economy has a strong emphasis on commercial and industrial development. The City is home to two regional centers: the Tukwila regional growth center, which contains the Westfield Southcenter Mall area, and the North Tukwila Manufacturing/Industrial Center (MIC), which contains the southern third of King County International Airport/Boeing Field. Sixty-nine percent of land use in the North Tukwila MIC is industria1.43 Tukwila's proximity to industrial centers raises concerns regarding climate equity. Industrial activities in this area are likely to emit pollutants and contribute to environmental degradation, impacting the health and well- being of nearby residents. 41 D'Aquila, S. (2023, June 28). Extreme Heat and the Legacy of Racist Housing Policies in Seattle - The Urbanist. Www.theurbanist.org. https://www.theurbanist.org/2023/06/28/extreme-heat-and-the-legacy-of-racist-housing-policies-in-seattle/ https://www.theurbanist.org/2023/06/28/extreme- heat-and-the-legacy-of-racist-housing-policies-in-seattle/. 42 Google Earth. (2024). Google.com. https://earth.google.com/web/@47.46636778 https://earth.google.com/web/@47.46636778 . 43 North Tukwila MIC. (2013). Puget Sound Regional Council. https://www.psrc.org/media/3359 https://www.psrc.org/media/3359 . 59 Figure 13: Breakdown of Land Use in North Tukwila Figure 14: Map of Land Use in North Tukwila M1C45 M1C44 Current Land Use {856 net acres) 69% Multi -Family Residential Single -Family Residents C0 C E 0 t..i 2% 1396--------- f6 f6 V � H 0 Q Lf6 i0 }}i--��� O L w a N Q c 0 ❑ 0 0 f6 Lack of open space ura 01. r G,"R W.R.M ONa 1MI Ww.srrp o�We.•5.... The concentration of highways and large commercial and industrial centers contributes to a dense built environment in Tukwila characterized by structures such as buildings, parking lots and asphalt (Figure 15). This limits the availability of open spaces and exacerbates the urban heat island effect. Additionally, neighborhoods in Tukwila face disparities in access to green spaces and tree canopy cover. Areas with historically fewer trees are experiencing a faster loss of tree canopy compared to the countywide average. This is evident in Tukwila's Tree Equity Score Map (Figure 16), where locality scores are lower compared to neighboring areas like Burien, Kent, Des Moines, and Renton, with SeaTac also facing similar challenges.46 44 North Tukwila MIC. (2013). Puget Sound Regional Council. https://www.psrc.org/media/3359 45 North Tukwila MIC. (2013). Puget Sound Regional Council. https://www.psrc.org/media/3359 46 Tree Equity Score National Explorer. (n.d.). Www.treeequityscore.org. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://www.treeequityscore.org/map#3.59/37.22/-98.75; Impervious Surface, United States I Maps I Data Basin. (n.d.). Databasin.org. https://databasin.org/maps/ffd397cfde1c4217b2f0e286488639c7/active/. 60 Figure 15: Impervious Surface Coverage in Tukwila" Figure 16: Tree Equity Score Map. Nil -national land corer Database. percent imperviousness - 8aperiene one Ulsplaying. VALUE D ava �,-26% �26- -51-7516 19 • 100% Vulnerabilities a0 100 Tree Equity Score Y ANT r. Normandy Par Renton The score ranges from 0-100. The lower the score, the greater priority for tree planting. A score of 100 means the neighborhood has enough trees. *48 *The area where Southcenter Mall would be is not included in the Tukwila report. This area is included in the Renton report. Environmental Health Disparities All these threats and vulnerabilities lead to high environmental health disparities in Tukwila. The Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map, established in 2018, evaluates these disparities based on the following main factors: 49 The cumulation of environmental exposures such as diesel emissions, toxic releases from facilities, and populations near heavy traffic roadways Environmental effects including proximity to hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities, and wastewater discharge. Socioeconomic factors ranging from limited English proficiency, education, race and ethnicity, unaffordable housing, and unemployment. Sensitive populations including those higher rates of death from cardiovascular disease and low birth weights. Individuals with pre-existing heart disease are at a higher risk of mortality when exposed to environmental stressors. Children who had a low birth weight are at risk of developing other health morbidities later in life that can be worsened by environmental stressors. 47 Impervious Surface, United States I Maps I Data Basin. (n.d.). Databasin.org. https://databasin.org/maps/ffd397cfde1c4217b2f0e286488639c7/active/ 48 Tree Equity Score National Explorer. (n.d.). Www.treeequityscore.org. https://www.treeequityscore.org/map#3.59/37.22/-98.75 49 Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map I Washington State Department of Health. (n.d.). Doh.wa.gov. https://doh.wa.gov/data-and-statistical- reports/washington-tracking-network-wtn/washington-environmental-health-disparities-map https://doh.wa.gov/data-and-statistical-reports/washington-tracking- network-wtn/washington-environmental-health-disparities-map. 61 As shown in the snapshot below from the WA Environmental Health Disparities Map, Tukwila is at the highest risk of environmental health disparities, environmental exposures, and environmental effects, and scores at a 9 out of 10 in socioeconomic factors. Figure 17: Washington Environmental Health Disparities Map s Environmental Health Ake Rank — Disparities V 2.0 Environmental ilil 10 r — Exposures 7 Environmental 1.1 Effects 'GL Socioeconomic Factors dui Sensitive Populations !! rk. Climate and Economic Justice The Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool is another resource that combines risks and vulnerabilities to assess disparities in communities, particularly those facing burdens related to climate change and economic challenges. 50 The tool evaluates eight key categories: climate change, energy, health, housing, legacy pollution, transportation, water and wastewater, and workforce development. By analyzing this data, the tool identifies communities that bear disproportionate burdens — often referred to as disadvantaged communities — due to being both overburdened and underserved. In Tukwila, certain areas are highlighted as disadvantaged, indicated by their depiction in gray on the tool's map. These areas exhibit concerning statistics, including ranking at the 99th percentile for fatalities and injuries caused by natural hazards annually compared to all national census tracts. Additionally, they rank above the 90th percentile for proximity to hazardous waste facilities and superfund sites, as well as the 95th percentile for levels of diesel exhaust in the air. so Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool. (2022, November 22). Geoplatform.gov. https://screeningtool.geoplatform.gov/. 62 Figure 18: Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool Communities that are disadvantaged live in tracts that experience burdens. These tracts are highlighted 0 on the map. 63 STRATEGIES AND \CTIONS The following section details the multi -criteria analysis framework that was used to analyze and prioritize climate strategies and actions for Tukwila. The framework identified core criteria that were assessed for each potential action: emission reduction potential, ease of implementation, climate justice and equity, and economic recovery and local resilience. Then, the chapter identifies recommended strategies and associated actions across five focus areas: buildings and energy use, transportation and land use, consumption and waste, natural systems, and community resilience. Multi -Criteria Analysis Framework The multi -criteria analysis framework serves to prioritize recommended climate strategies and actions for the City to implement. Table 4: Multi -Criteria Analysis Description Criteria Description Emission Reduction Potential This criterion assesses the estimated amount of emissions saved or reduced with the implementation of the action Ease of Implementation This criterion assesses the estimated ease or difficulty of implementation based on staff and financial capacity and constraints. Climate Justice and Equity This criterion assesses the relative ability of each action to influence and/or support the creation of equitable communities (affordability, health, distributed economic opportunity) Economic Recovery and Local Resiliency This criterion considers community economic benefits such as job creation, as well as community resiliency benefits. 64 We used the following icons to help illustrate the scoring. CRITERIA ICON Emission Reduction Potential Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resiliency 5ta tio _=_7 Strategies and their supporting actions fall under the following five focus areas: Figure 19: Climate Action Plan Focus Areas 65 Buildings and Energy Tukwila's built environment contributes approximately 45% of community wide GHG emissions.51 This includes the electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and propane used to power our homes and buildings. Washington's electric utilities are required to phase out fossil -fuel electricity and become GHG neutral by 2030.52 The strategies and actions in this focus area promote electrification and energy efficiency in buildings to support a clean energy transition. Strategy 1: Promote electrification and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in buildings. Action Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Potential 1.1 Launch regional electric heat pump campaign to replace natural gas -powered furnaces and increase energy efficiency in existing commercial and residential buildings. 1.2 Assess opportunities and create a timeline to decarbonize municipal buildings through updating assets like appliances and HVAC systems. n — o — o — V — ✓ — n ▪ — A -TA Economic Recovery & Local Resiliency si King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-geographic-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report- 09-2022.pdf. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-geographic-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report-09-2022.pdf. sz CETA Overview. (n.d.). Washington State Department of Commerce. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://www.commerce.wa.gov/growing-the-economy/energy/seta/ceta- overview/#:-:text=The%201aw%20requires%20utilities%20to. Retrieved May 6, 2024, from https://www.commerce.wa.gov/growing-the-economy/energy/ceta/ceta- overview/#:-:text=The%201aw%20requ Tres%20uti1 ities%20to. 66 1.3 Join either the Seattle City Light Green Up Program or Puget Sound Energy's (PSE) Green Direct program to reduce emissions from government operations. 1.4 Install solar in municipal buildings parking lots. 1.5 Encourage businesses, large energy users, and residents to enroll in Puget Sound Energy's (PSE) Green Power Program. 1.6 By 2030, adopt an electrification ordinance for existing buildings to transition from fossil fuels to electric systems. -{`r -{`r -{`r • - ▪ — o — o — • - ▪ — n — n ✓— o — 0 0 — 5-1 ArA _7Qvc) AlA -=,Q1-P7 67 Strategy 2: Secure Funding and Grants for Energy Efficiency Initiatives Action Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Potential Local Resiliency 2.1 Use incentives provided by federal, state, and other programs, along with outreach efforts, to promote the development of renewable energy systems in residential, small business, and community settings, particularly focusing on benefiting marginalized communities. 2.2 Assess various options for financing and grants for energy efficiency projects for city buildings and facilities. 2.3 Explore and support the development of community solar programs and community microgrids through partnerships with energy providers and other cities in the region. 2.4 Explore suitable financing mechanisms to finance energy efficiency upgrades for commercial buildings. e o — V — o — o — o - o - o - o - o - o - ETA rC). C) C). rC). (3. 'ETA 'ETA 'ETA 51-A AIL f f f Strategy 3: Improve building codes and standards. 68 Action Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Potential Local Resiliency 3.1 Join the Regional Code Collaboration and K4C to actively participate in revising the Washington building code. 3.2 Conduct Energy Audits in all city -owned and operated buildings, and partner with local utility and private contractors. 3.3 Make energy improvements to upgrade equipment or improve building envelope/insulation/weatheriz ation in city-owned/operated buildings. 3.4 Require new construction of government buildings to meet highly efficient & net carbon standards by 2030 3.5 Adopt local amendments to the building code that go above and beyond the Washington State Energy Code. eSo eSD e o — o — —(77)- _(7)- o o — o — o — o — o — o — ✓ — ✓ — o — o — o — o — o — o — o — ✓ — ✓ — o — o — 51-z, AIL AIL Qvo Qy0 69 3.6 Require new residential and commercial buildings be solar ready and EV charging ready by 2030. Explore incentives and financing mechanisms for EV infrastructure installation. 3.7 Enact code to phase out fossil fuel infrastructure in new construction. 3.8 Educate City planning and permitting staff on new energy codes and methods for incentivizing decarbonization in buildings. D J — o — o — efD c3 -��- o — o — — o - ▪ — J - o — -,°7 70 Transportation Transportation and other mobile sources, including on -road vehicles, off -road equipment, and aviation, contribute approximately 51% of community -wide GHG emissions.53 These strategies and actions build upon existing City programs, including the Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) program, that aim to reduce single -occupant vehicle trips, traffic congestion, and air pollution. The recommended strategies and actions prioritize sustainable development, reduce demand for and use of personal automobiles, and decrease emissions from government operations and vehicles. Strategy 1: Prioritize sustainability, walkability, and dense, mixed -use development in land use planning. Action Emission Reduction Potential 1.1 Uphold the Washington state Growth Management Act to prioritize dense, mixed use, transit -oriented development (TOD) and affordable housing. 1.2 Require Transportation Management Action Plans (TMAP) for private developments that address increased transportation demand from their property and comply with City mobility policies. G Ease of Implementation o — o — o — o — o — o — o — o — Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resilienc " King County Communitywide Geographic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report. Aug. 2022. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-geographic-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report- 09-2022.pdf. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-geographic-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report-09-2022.pdf. 71 1.3 Review and update land use, zoning, and planning policy to prioritize the development of affordable ten-minute communities (where work, shopping, schools, and play are within ten minutes of where people live). 1.4 Share out and highlight improvements and increased walkability from the Residential Streets Prioritization Program. o — o - o — o — o - o — ,AIL, AIL AIL LIA 72 Strategy 2: Decrease demand for and overall use of personal automobiles. Action Emission Reduction Potential 2.1 Work with community organizations, homeowners, and renters to identify and address key barriers to electric vehicle ownership in the community, transit ridership, and other modes of transportation in Tukwila (biking, walking). 2.2 Work with local businesses and private landowners to promote installation of EV charging stations. 2.3 Expand outreach for and awareness of the Transportation Demand Management Program, including free transit for youth 18 and younger and the Metro Flex Program. Ease of Implementation f�— —1) o — o — D (60 ✓ o — o — ✓ — o — o — ✓ — o - o — Climate Justice &Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resilienc 5-1A 5-1A 5-1L, 5-1A 73 Strategy 3: Reduce emissions from government operations and city -owned and operated vehicles. Action Emission Reduction Potential 3.1 Conduct a study on current city -owned vehicles to assess timeline and feasibility of electrifying its fleet and begin to invest in transition to electric vehicles (through short -leases and as current vehicles reach end of useful life). 3.2 Identify sites in existing parking lots or other city -owned land for EV charging stations (grant funding eligible). 3.3 Continue to support remote work for municipal employees when possible. 3.4 Encourage public transit and walking to work of city employees Ease of Implementation ✓— 0 — 0 — 0 — o — 0 — 0 — n — O o — ✓— 0 — 0 — Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resilienc A-ta 5-1A 5-1A 51-L. Qi) 74 Consumption and Waste Solid waste contributes only 2% of community wide GHG emissions; however, this focus area provides opportunity for the Tukwila community and government to practice waste prevention and responsible disposal and reduce upstream impacts of goods and services. The following strategies and actions recommend increased waste diversion, reduced waste generation, and increased education and awareness opportunities. Strategy 1: Increase waste diversion from landfills and reduce waste generation. Action 1.1 Mandate recycling and composting and enforce segregation/sorting at government facilities and certain commercial facilities by 2030. 1.2 Adopt a sustainable purchasing policy for municipal purchases. 1.3 Include the responsible recycling elements (from King County's Responsible Recycling Task Force) in RFPs and contracts for recycling services. 1.4 Update construction and demolition building code in alignment with Regional Code Collaboration (RCC). 1.5 Partner with frontline communities to support a regenerative and sustainable local zero waste food economy. Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice &Equity Economic Recovery & Potential Local Resiliency V — o — o — o — o — o - — o — o — c — o — o — — o — o — 51-L, 51-L, AIL Ala 75 Strategy 2: Increase education and awareness of waste diversion opportunities. Action 2.1 Conduct commercial and residential recycling / compost education and outreach to educate residents and businesses about waste management best practices. 2.2 Increase City employee education and awareness around waste reduction. 2.3 Partner with schools to develop curriculum around sustainable practices, from proper waste segregation to resource conservation and best practices around emissions reductions. Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Potential n — n — o — o — c — o — o — 0 o — Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resiliency A-ta 5-ta 76 Natural Systems Tukwila's natural resources and green space provide an opportunity for local carbon sequestration, risk mitigation, habitat restoration, and improved environmental quality and community health outcomes among other benefits. The following strategies and actions prioritize the preservation of local natural resources and open spaces as well as increased stormwater infrastructure and water efficiency initiatives. Strategy 1: Preserve, restore, and enhance local natural resources and open spaces. 1.1 Develop a plan to increase tree canopy and carbon sequestration within the city. 1.2 Promote urban design and redevelopment approaches that incorporate natural systems and green infrastructure. 1.3 Improve stream resilience and habitat restoration. 1.4 Seek opportunities to engage youth and provide education and volunteer opportunities. Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Potential e eD _ n — n — _ n — n — —��— f "— —{"— �— o - o o _ Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Resiliency A-tL, AIL AIL, 140. Strategy 2: Promote stormwater infrastructure and water efficiency. 77 Action Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Local Potential Resiliency 2.1 Incentivize green stormwater infrastructure projects (e.g., rain gardens), prioritizing frequently flooded areas and frontline communities. Pair with policies to prevent displacement resulting from the potential increase in property values. 2.2 Use climate change predictions for precipitation when replacing, sizing, or adding stormwater infrastructure. 2.3 Provide greywater reuse, low - impact development, and native vegetation education. • - o — ✓— 0 — ✓— o — ✓ n — ✓— ✓ o — o — ✓— n — ✓— ✓— o — o — ✓— n — A-ta A—r—A Q00 78 Community Resilience Community resilience and wellbeing actions can help prepare community members for the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Any community resilience action should prioritize frontline and vulnerable communities who are first to experience the consequences of climate change. Strategy 1: Plan for climate change by building staff, business, and community capacity. Actio Emission Reduction Ease of Implementation Climate Justice & Equity Economic Recovery & Potential Local Resiliency 1.1 Educate and increase awareness among communities about climate impacts and adaptation strategies through regular community engagement events. 1.2 Implement a robust public information campaign using multiple media platforms to inform residents about climate risks and the actions they can take to mitigate and adapt to these risks. Include information tailored to the specific vulnerabilities of different neighborhoods within Tukwila. 1.3 Train local leaders and volunteers in disaster response techniques, emphasizing the need for quick adaptation in the face of extreme weather events. — o — o — ✓— ✓— o — ▪ - ✓— — o — -1', —(7�— ✓— o — ✓— o — Ff-A A-rA A-1-A (f) (f) AIL =Q;5 79 1.4 Encourage businesses to become more sustainable and climate -friendly and provide incentives (available funding through grants) to businesses that adopt eco-friendly practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy efficiency, and using sustainable materials. 1.5 Partner with local environmental organizations to develop guidelines and resources that help businesses transition to greener operations. 1.6 Assess city staff knowledge on climate change through a staff survey and subsequently tailor educational programs to empower staff in integrating climate action into their roles. ▪ — ▪ — s,— ye — o — ▪ — ▪ — s,— ye — o — V— ▪ — ▪ — AIL AIL 80 Tukwila Environment Report: Status Brief + Action Plan — DRAFT contents Overview What is the environment? nature green infrastructure + ecosystem services management models: master vs. steward Who is responsible for shared resources? public lands - City stewardship, City/State regulations private lands - private stewardship, City/State regulations, incentives Status Brief, Vital Signs vital signs: nature air + climate water land vegetation creatures humans vital signs: green infrastructure + ecosystem services surface water management, flooding + WQ landslide prevention urban heating quality of life physical + recreation mental + wellness economic environmental equity climate Successes + Opportunities surface water management, flooding + WQ land stewardship: public + private urban forestry + canopy assessment + emerging threats community engagement + education policy + code updates capacity, staffing + funding 81 environmental equity climate Action Plan surface water management, flooding + WQ land stewardship: public + private urban forestry + canopy assessment + emerging threats community engagement + education policy + code updates capacity, staffing + funding environmental equity climate Figures FAQ s Figure 1. Chart: City organization of environmental services, staff, plans + policies Figure 2. Chart: City environmental services gap analysis Figure 3. TBD FAQ: tree regulations FAQ: ECA regulations FAQ: shoreline regulations FAQ: surface water regulations FAQ: climate resilience FAQ: environmental equity FAQ: TBD Fact Sheets + Infographics Ecosystem Services Ecosystem Services Ecosystem Services How -To Sheets Presentations + Slide Decks Status Brief + Action Plan Status Brief + Action Plan Status Brief + Action Plan Tree Regulations Shoreline Regulations Surface Water Regulations trees + surface water soil health TBD TBD City Council + Mayor City Departments Tukwila Community Tukwila Community Tukwila Community Tukwila Community 2/yr = qty 2 1/yr = gty 6 3/yr = qty 3 as -needed = qty 4 as -needed = qty 2 as -needed = qty 2 82