HomeMy WebLinkAboutSEPA EPIC-ND-2 - LINCOLN PROPERTIES - DEVELOPMENTLINCOLN PROPERTIES
EPIGND -2
Frank Todd, Mayor
6230 SOUTHCENTER BLVD.
TUKWIL.A, WASHINGTON 98067
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Mr. Tom Sconzo, Architect
1411 Fourth Avenue Building
Seattle, Washington 98101
Dear Mr. Sconzo:
29 March 1974
The Environmental Assessment. Summary, together with
two addendums entitled Air Quality Assessment and Water
Quality Assessment, has been reviewed in accordance
with the State Environmental Policy Act and City of
Tukwila Ordinance #759 for the proposed Lincoln
Properties development.
This corresponsense will serve to inform you of the
satisfactory completion of the SEPA requirements.
Should you have any questions regarding this matter,
please contact me.
Sincerely,
Gary Crutchfi6-1d
Planning Technician
GC /lt
cc: Dir Pub Wks
Bldg. Dir
• •
Frank Todd, Mayor
CITY o F T U KW I LA
6230 SOUTHCENTER BLVD.
TUKWI LA, WASHINGTON 98067
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
DECLARATION OF NO SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE .ENVIRONMENTAL.EFFECT
LINCOLN PROPERTIES DEVELOPMENT
I. Location and Description of Project
The project is proposed to be located on 23+ acres
located at the northeast corner of the intersection
of South 180th Street and Southcenter Parkway. The
project will include four industrial buildings, a ware-
house /retail furniture outlet and a restaurant. The
entire site, and surrounding vicinity, has been zoned
for light industrial and commercial uses for more than
fifteen years.
II. Existing Conditions
Much of the site has been surcharged to elevations
ranging from 22' to 30' M.S.L. No significant botanical
or biological species exist on the site. A small creek
flows northerly from under South 180th Street to the
general center of the site where the creek tends to pond.
Utilities must be provided in conjuction with implemen-
tation.
III. Environmental Impact of Proposed Action
No significant adverse environmental effect will be
realized as a result of implementation of the proposed
action. While no major botanical species exist,
existing biological species will be displaced. However,
the relatively close proximity of a comparatively natural
area is considered adequate to absorb some degree of this
displacement, thereby further reducing the insignificant
degree of that impact.
Air quality, as well as water quality, will receive
measurable impacts although both are considered to be
minimal. Traffic will be unaltered although measurable
Lincoln Properties Development Page 2
increase in vehicle numbers is expected. No change is
expected in the social patterns of Tukwila, although a
noticeable increase in the City's tax base is certain.
IV. Alternatives
A do- nothing alternative is not feasible. Although it
would eliminate displacement of the existing botanical
and biological species. The economics associated with
such an alternative preclude it from being employed.
V. Long -Term Productivity and Irreversible Resource
Committments
The allocation of the 23 acres of land is the major
resource committment, and it's relative long -term
productivity will be enhanced in terms of economics.
Gary rutchfiel
Pla ping Technic
Please refer to Environmental Assessment studies enclosed
for basis of this summary.
•ank Todd, Mayor
ITV op T K ,;:,.ILA
6230 SOUTHCENTER BLVD.
TUKWILA, WASHINGTON 98067
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
MEMORANDUM
TO: Building Official
FROM: Planning Department
SUBJECT: Lincoln Properties Development
8
Said development has not completed the Environmental
Assessment requirements of Tukwila Ordinance #759;
thus, it is expressly requested that no permits be
granted until that requirement has been satisfactorily
met.
GC /lt
LL `'% z_�_X`c
Gary Crutchfield. \;
Planning Technician
•
Frank Todd, Mayor
CITY of TUKWILA
14475 - 59TH AVENUE SOUTH
TUKWILA, WASHINGTON 98067
Febnuany 7, 1974
Steve Hall
Acting P!ann.i.ng Dixec ton
City ob Tukw..L a
Re: The negative .impact .statement ob
Southcenten Parkway g 180th
Dean Steve:
ECEIVE
FEB 11 1974
CITY OF TUKWILA
4
L.incotn Pnopeeittes,
I am conce' ned about the C.c ty4' position t%on .in accepting the
negative impact .statement ob LLncotn Pnopenti.es on South
180th.
Did the .statement, in view o6 the tame .incneas a in pa/thing
negwvicements and Land u4 e, adequately address the Ottow.Lng
items.
1. Adds tionat nun 46 and water pottutLon.
2. A.Z/i. quality.
3. Social aspects, such as added ponce pnotec ti.on,
cic e pnatec tLo n and wti it y s env.Lce nequitements.
I ask these questions because I have an uneasy £eeting that
they did not do 40 in the negative statement and A.6 not, I
feet we 4hou2d take immediate action to connect any oven
sights we might have made and could be chattenged on.
Very tnu2y young,
CITY OF TUKWILA
Frank Todd
Mti yon
FET /dc
1912Y #4.7- 15 ,2eFta, Tr)- IS
CONS utpN6 F=1t2M
Fort fiiu s 1 S I
QU p VrQ le
•
Frank Todd, Mayor
CITY OF TUK \1L
14475 - 59TH AVENUE SOUTH
TUKWILA, WASHINGTON 98067
5 December 1973
• Mr . •_;Tom. ,Sconz.o, ..;Architect •
Suite 1403
1411 - 4th Avenue Building.
Seattle, Washington ,98101
Dear Mr. Sconzo:
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
This office has reviewed the Environmental Assessment
Summary for the proposed Lincoln. Properties Development
Project. While the Assessment Summary is basically sound,
with the exception of air quality assessment, several
gross errors were noted and are listed herein.
Page #1: Under Summary of the Proposed Action,
item #2 refers to Exhibit #1 -1973. This Exhibit
is not included in the document.
Page #3: Item #5, Historical Background, is
extremely detailed in relation to other matters
discussed throughout the document. This item
should be condensed somewhat to appear balanced
with the rest of the document.
Page #5: Item #1 -b, Topography, is rather mis-
leading in regard to this specific site and
describes the Green River Valley in general.
This section should•be aimed at describing the
topographical characteristics of the 23 -acre
project site.
Item #1 -d, Biological and Botanical Elements,
refers to a Table 2 which does not exist within
the document.
Page #7: Item #1 -a:(2) is, again, grossly in
error and should be corrected.
Mr. Tom Sconzo. Page 2
Item #1 -a(3) of the same page is confusing.
We have no idea what you are speaking of.
Page #8: Item b is extremely brief and completely
uninformative. This section should relate, any
incapabilities of the soil to support the pro-
posed project, at least.
Item c of the same page does not discuss the
impact on the Green River from discharge of
surface run -off and the extent of the added
volume of said run -off.
Page 9: As you are already aware, Item d must
be expanded to meet criteria outlined in the
Environmental Protection Agency's Transportation
Control Plan, Parking Management Section.
Item #2 -a of the same page is erroroneous if
speaking of biological life changes resulting
from the project. 'There should be a Section a
for biological and Section b for botanical
included under Section 2, Resultant Life Changes.
This would alleviate any possible confusion.
In addition to the above, a discussion of alternatives to
the known storm sewer problem should be included. Generally,
inclusion of the suggestions contained herein will satisfy
this department's requirement of an assessment of the
environmental impacts resulting from implementation of the
proposed project. However, a decision as to whether or
not a detailed statement will be required cannot be made
until such time as an adequate assessment summary has been
reviewed by this office.
Sincerely,
n1
Steven M. Hall
Acting Planning Director
GC /lt
cc: Mayor Todd
1974
CI i i1O TUKWILA
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
FOR
LINCOLN PROPERTY COMPANY
TUKWILA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
PREPARED BY
WILSEY & HAM, INC.
MARCH 1974
MANSON BENNETT & ASSOCIATES
The 1411 Fourth Ave. S:lil;!ng
Seattle, Wash.. 98101
WATER QUALITY
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1I. EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. Water Quality in the Green /Duwamish River.
B. Sampling Results and Comparison to Standards for the Tukwila
City Pond at Andover Park.
III. IMPACT
A. Projections of Water Quality Impact As A Result Of Development
Of the Subject Site.
1) Methods
2) Results
IV. APPENDIX - Water Quantities
I. INTRODUCTION
The historical drainage pattern of the Green River Valley has been altered
by the industrialization of the valley. Within the vicinity of the sub-
ject site, drainage patterns have been altered by the construction of river
levees and by the implementation of the City of Tukwila Master Drainage
Plan. Specifically, when development of the subject site is completed,
drainage will be routed to the P -17 drainage ditch (a component of the
Tukwila drainage system) which flows into the city retention pond located
off Minkler Boulevard. When water in the retention pond reaches a mean
elevation of 16 to 20 feet, it is pumped into the river.
There are 695 acres within the P -17 drainage basin and most of this acreage
has been or is being developed for commercial and industrial park uses.
Parts of both the Southcenter complex and the Andover Industrial Park as
well as another industrial area and the subject site are located within the
P -17 drainage area.
The proposed action, which has been described elsewhere, will result inthe
development of 25.4 acres in close proximity to the Green River for retail,
commercial and warehouse buildings. Thus, the resulting land use will be
similar to the adjacent Andover Industrial Park and the Southcenter complex.
Typically such facilities result in building coverage of 45 -50% of the land
in addition to 35-40% paved surfaces or a maximum total of 90% impervious
surfaces.
The question addressed in this discussion is the water quality impact of
developing the subject site for commercial and industrial park type purposes.
First the water quality in the Green River and the effect of the city
retention pond as an effluent is discussed in general terms. For this
purpose water quality samples were taken in the P -17 ditch, in the pond
itself and in the pond outfall as it enters the river. Then the impact:
of developing the subject site in terms of impact on water quality is
projected.
In general, the samples taken are more of an indication of short -term
impact of development in the P -17 drainage area because construction work
was taking place on several large sites at the time the samples were taken.
As a result, the samples are high in silt, B.O.D., etc. The projections
of water quality impact more closely approximate the long -range water
quality implications of the development of the subject site in relation-
ship to the development of the remainder of the P -17 drainage area.
II. EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. Water quality in the Green - Duwamish River
The Duwamish River estuary is an important industrial waterway and
has been receiving industrial, municipal, and storm water wastes since
the early 1900's. In the 1940's fisheries - resource agencies and
commercial interests became concerned about the impact of degraded
water quality on the rich aquatic life of the estuary.
In 1958, in response to growing water quality problems through -out
the Seattle metropolitan area, Seattle area residents voted to form
the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO). METRO is a federa-
tion of cities united to deal with waste water disposal and transporta-
tion service. The METRO Comprehensive Sewerage Plan includes an
extensive network of sewer trunklines and several sewage treatment
plants. The Renton treatment plant is located approximately three -
quarters of a mile downstream from the site and discharges treated
effluent at that point.
Thus, for most water quality parameters, except coliform counts, the
Renton treatment plant overshadows the effluent from the retention
pond (see Tables A and B). Since June 1965, the Renton Treatment
Plant (RTP) has been discharging increasing amounts of treated effluent
to the Duwamish River as new trunklines have been constructed and the
treatment plant's service area has been enlarged. The design capacity
of the present Renton secondary treatment process is 36 million gallons
per day, although the actual volume of effluent varies. By way of
comparison, the water is discharged from the Tukwila retention pond is
a relatively small volume. The existing pump has a maximum capacity
of 60 -85 c.f.s. and is running less than 5 % of the time.
In recent years, a number of studies have been performed to determine
the water quality effects of the various effluents into the river.
From these, a brief overview of the river can be obtained. From 1963
to 1967 METRO and the U. S. Geological Survey conducted a cooperative
study of water quality in the Lower Duwamish River in order to determine
the chemical, physical, and ecological changes that take place in the
estuary when raw or partially- treated wastes are replaced by treated
effluent from the Renton Treatment Plant. This study was primarily
concerned with the hydraulics of the estuary, the physical and chemical
characteristics of the water (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and bio-
chemical oxygen demand), and certain aspects of the ecology relating
to the plankton communities. The findings of this early study have
been substantiated by later studies performed by Dr. Eugene Welch at
the University of Washington in 1967 and 1969, and by the RIBCO (the
River Basin Coordinating Committee, a technical advisory committee
to METRO) Water Quality Management Study Interim Report of October
1973. Conclusions regarding the interpretation of past trends and
data, as well as specific estimates of possible future impacts
affecting the Duwamish estuary and Green River will be available'
in the near future as RIBCO completes its estuary studies.
Just upstream of the subject site, conditions of low dissolved
oxygen have often been recorded in the late summer. The Green -
Duwamish River • still experiences such low dissolved conditions
during the summer months. Although the most recent METRO six -month
report analyzing data from March 1973 through October .1973 indicates
an improving trend in dissolved oxygen, the RIBCO analysis indicates
low dissolved oxygen levels are still a problem.
Low dissolved oxygen in the Duwamish Estuary is attributable to
oxygen consumption by benthos (bottom organisms) and algae as well as
high temperatures due to shallow depths, low flows, • and inadequate
shading. However, it appears to be highly unlikely that the present
anadromous fish runs or annual aquatic ecosystem of the Duwamish will
be affected by dissolved oxygen depressions, according to RIBCO.
biologists.
By way of a general note, dissolved oxygen is a key parameter in the,
Green - Duwamish River and in similar streams that have commercially and,
recreationally important fish populations. The respiratory processes
of fish, shellfish, benthos, etc. are affected by changes in dissolved
oxygen content.
The dissolved oxygen is depleted by the oxidation (degradation) of
natural as well as man -made materials and is replaced naturally by
aeration at the air -water surface or by mixing with water having
greater dissolved oxygen and /or by photosynthesis of aquatic plants.
Since the degradation of the more common wastes requires their
oxidation, the variation in dissolved oxygen is a significant indicator
of the general amount'and persistence of pollutants. .The capacity of
water to retain dissolved oxygen is also reduced with increasing
temperatures.
Upstream from the subject site and the retention pond, the river may
be loaded slightly beyond its natural` B.O.D. (Biological Oxygen Demand)
as indicated by the fact that °both the average dissolved oxygen values
and average B.O.D. values at the Renton Treatment Plant monitoring
station ( #351) are generally lower than at the monitoring station up-
stream of the subject site ( #312). The high B.O.D. in the river
adjacent.to the site is probably due to the cumulative effect of-numerous
point sources of effluent, one of which is the discharge from the
Tukwila pond. However, the pond is a relatively minor source as noted
above. Thus, it is possible that effluent from the pond has only a
small direct effect on dissolved oxygen concentrations in the lower
river and estuary.
Temperatures for the river from the monitoring station 315 at Kent to
just downstream of the subject site are lower than those which would
indicate thermal pollution levels. The river responds to inputs of
warmer water from the Renton Treatment Plant as shown by several
stations downstream. At station 3077, a small decrease occurs as a
result of the Ranier Vista Treatment Plant effluent, then the influence
of Elliott Bay seawater is registered. If the retention pond effluent
is a source of thermal pollution, its effect is certainly overshadowed
by the Renton Treatment Plant.
Ammonia and phosphate concentrations.in the Green /Duwamish River are
relatively low adjacent to the subject site but have significantly'
•
increased downstream from the Renton Treatment. Plant outfall since
the introduction of the effluent in .tune 1965. The Renton Treatment
Plant is only 16% efficient for ammonia and 3% efficient for phosphates:'
The concentrations of these nutrients are at least doubled as a result
of the present input of treated effluent from the plant. According to
METRO data, the Renton Treatment Plant is a quite significant source of
nitrites and nitrates. The impact on aquatic life in the estuary attri-
butable to this input of nutrients is, however, unknown'at this time.
Maximum concentrations of all nutrients in the Duwamish Estuary occur
at low tide, partly because at this time there is a minimum of seawater
dilution of fresh water nutrient sources. High levels of nutrients
are also recorded in the fall and winter, however, when light conditions
are minimal, a severe algal bloom cannot be sustained.
Nuisance blooms and eutrophication are well known problems that develop
from increases in phytoplankton production frequently caused by nutrients
in domestic waste water. However, the USGS Study indicates that in
the case of the Duwamish River, nutrient concentrations do not control
the occurrence of the blooms inasmuch as nitrogen and phosphorous com-
pounds always are present in sufficient quantities for a bloom to exist.
For example, previous data indicates that a bloom occurred prior to
the installation of the Renton Treatment Plant. The chief factors
"controlling whether or not a phytoplankton bloom will occur are favor-
\,
able hydrological and climatic conditions. Nutrients from such sources
as the county -city pond may increase the biomass produced by the phyto-
plankton blooms, once the other favorable conditions are established.
The dissolved oxygen of surface waters is increased by the photo-
synthetic process of the bloom, but the dissolved oxygen of the sub-
surface waters is decreased as the plants die and oxygen is consumed
in decomposition processes.
Coliform concentrations in the Duwamish River exceed the median count
established by the water quality standards, according to the last six -..
month METRO report. Although a good relationship between total and
fecal coliform is not evident, the same general trend of increasing'
contamination in downstream locations is apparent in the fecal .col iform
count as well.
At present, as a result of construction activities which are taking
place within the P -17 drainage basin, the retention pond is high in
coliforms. However, due to the relatively low volume of discharge
from this source, only a slight impact is observable from the river:
water quality data
Soluble trace metal concentrations for copper and lead (Table C). are
fractions of a part per billion in the estuary water. This data was
obtained from the trace metal laboratory, University of Washington,,'
Department of Oceanography, core sampling within the estuary. The
fate of metals borne by the river is transferral to the sediments.
The concentrations of lead and zinc at the surface of the cores and
one meter deep in the cores (Table B) are extremely high and demon-"
strate how effectively the transfer proceeds. The cores were obtained
in June, 1973, and were analyzed by the Region Ten Environmental
Protection Agency Laboratory. Since nearshore ocean sediments contain
an average of 60,000 ppb lead and 150,000 ppb zinc, it appears that
the Duwamish Estuary sediments have been greatly enriched by inputs
from the river and from industrial sites around the estuary. There-
fore any contamination from the proposed site such as auto exhaust
borne lead, which is introduced into the river, would be transferred
downstream to the surface sediments and would comprise an undetectable,
increase in the already heavily loaded sediments.
CHART A
WATER QUALITY - KENT TO ELLIOTT BAY
JUNE 1973
Coliform Counts (100m1)
Metro Total Fecal - Ammonia/ Phosphate Silica Dissolved Conductivity Temperature
Station Coliform Coliform Nitrate (mg /1) (mg /1) (mg /1) Oxygen umhos /cm °C
(mg /1)
306 6,400 120 .48 .50 .24 - 16.3
307 9,400 50 .11 .26 .09 - - 12.8
3077(1) 3,400 20 21.25 1.28 4.80 - - 17.0
3106 1,400 42 .70 .50 .35 - - - 17.1
3107 1,200 20 .38 .49 .26 '17.2
351(2) 110 20 .02 5.20 8.0 151 18.8
3108 700 50 .18 .49 .20 - - 17.2
311 (3) 1,400 67 .12 .46 .17 - - - - 17.3
312(4) 660 20 .10 .42 .42 .21 - - 17.9
315 510 20 .15 .40 .14 - - 17..4
- - No Data
(1) Ranier Vista effluent .
(2) Renton Treatment Plant
(3) Immediately downstream of subject site (Renton Junction)
(4) Immediately upst4eam of subject site
CHART. B
WATER QUALITY - KENT TO.ELLIOTT BAY,
DECEMBER 1973
Metro
Station
306
307
3077(1)
3106
3107
351 (2 )
3108
311(3)
312 (4)
315
- No Data
Coliform
Total
Coliform
Counts (100
Fecal
Coliform
ml)
Ammonia/ Phosphate Silica Dissolved Conductilty Temperature
Nitrate (mg /1) (mg /1) (mg /1) Oxygen umhos /cm °C
1,900 130 .18 .43 .16 - 8.4
7,600 980 .21 .45 .13 8.3
520 24 4.13 1.29 4.48 - - - - 14.o
400 20 .17 .40 .12 7.0
380 20 .05 .39 .09 - - 6.5
20 0 .14.80 .13 3.24 - - 15.0
180 20 .04 .40 .09 6.3
720 20 .04 .42 .09 11.67 68 6.5
420 170 .05 .34 .09 - - - - 6.5
180 20 .05 .40 .10 - - 6.2
Ranier Vista effluent
Renton Treatment Plant
Immediately downstream of subject site (Renton Junction)
Immediately upstream of subject site
TABLE C
METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN DUWAMISH: ESTUARY (parts per billion)
Soluble Metals
Depth
Date Location (Meters) Cu Pb
9/13/72 West Waterway 0 0.15 0.16
15 0.15 0.40
6/01/71 West Waterway 8 0.4
17 0.4
9/13/72 East Waterway 0 0.4 0.44
15 0.07 0.13
'6/01/72 East Waterway 3 0.4
8 1.9
13 0.5
Sediments (Total Acid Soluble)
Depth
Core No. Location (Meters) Pb Zn
12 Duwamish Mouth 0 71,000 130,000
11 Duwamish Mouth 0 194,000 25,000
-1 152,000 20,000
10 Duwamish Mouth 0 195,000 400,000
-1 18,000 69,000
16 East Waterway 0 346,000 600,000
-1 61,000 140,000
B. Sampling Result and Comparisons to Standards for the Tukwila City
Pond at Andover Park
Water quality of the Tukwila retention pond was sampled on March 13,
1974. Three locations were choosen in order to gain a dynamic perspec-
tive of water quality conditions as water inters and leaves the retention
pond. Samples were takers at the following three locations:
Station I: Water samples were taken directly west of the retention pond
in the P -17 drainage ditch where the ditch enters the pored.
Station II: A sample was taken at the point in the pond where the
discharge pump is located.
Stationlll: A sample was taken from the high velocity discharge pipe as
effluent was being pumped into the Green /Duwamish River.
1) Sample Methods
Sample methods and analysis were performed according to methods specified
in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 13th
edition. Nutrients were analyzed by a technican* Auto Analyzer II.
Turbidity was measured on a HACH* Model 2100A Turbidimeter. Coliforms,
both total and fetal, were tested and analyzed by methods specificed in
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 1 th edition.
2) Results
A pH value of 7.0 was obtained for Station I, 7.2 for Station II, and
7.2 for Station III. All these stations are well within the limits set
for surface water criteria for public waters, which states the pH must
lie between 6.0 and 8.5.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (D.0.) was measured at 9.5 milligrams per liter (mg /1)
at Station 1, 10.1 mg /1 at Station II, and 9.6 mg /1 at Station III.
These values are within the Washington State Water Quality Standards for
AA Water. However, it must be pointed out that all parameters must
be within the AA Water Quality Standards to be classified AA waters.
In such a system as this holding pond one or two parameters might be
included in AA waters but the remainder of the parameters will far
exceed the parameters.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) was measured as 80 mg /1 at Station 1, 55 mg /1
at Station II and 44 mg /1 at Station III. Alkalinity is a buffer
system in natural water and usually occurs between 30 -500 mg /1.
Specific Conductance
Specific Conductance was measured at 268 mho /cm2 at Station I,
170 mho /cm2 at Station 11 and 175 mho /cm2 at Station III, these high
values are most likely due to the nature of the holding ponds water-
shed. Specific conductance will be raised as a result of run -off
from sites on which construction activities are taking place.
Dissolved Solids
Dissolved solids were measured at 168 mg /1 Station 1, 104 mg /1 at
Station II and 110 mg /1 at Station III.
Turbidity
Turbidities of 11 J.C.U. were measured at Station I, 26 J.C.U. at
Station II and 20 J.C.U. at Station III. These high values are most
likely due to the construction work in the area. When high turbidity
values occur, particulate matter (or road film) is reducing light
penetration into
the water. As the particulate matter settles out, it forms a coating
around objects and may cause platform buildup in the stream channel.
In addition, bottom dwelling organisms and /or fish eggs covered by
settled particulate matter risk suffocation. An increased load of
suspended matter also interferes with filter- feeding organisms or
organisms which locate their food by sight. The values obtained at
Stations 1, 11, 111 far exceed AA Water Quality Standards.
Total Coliforms
Station 1 had 4,600 total coliforns, Station 11 had 46,000 total
coliforms, and Station 111 had 24,000 total coliforms.
These values far exceed Class AA Water Quality Standards which state
that total fecal organisms shall not exceed median values of 50 for
fresh water.
Fecal Coliforms
Fecal coliforms were measured at 1,500 at Station 1, 430 at Station 11,
and 930 at Station 111.
Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)
Biological oxygen demand (B.O.D.) was determined at, 1.5 mg /1 02 at
Station 1, 2.1 mg /1 at Station 11 and 2.0 mg /1 02 at Station 111.
CHART D
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RESULTS
STATION I STATION II STATION III
Temperature °C 10 °C 10 °C 10 °C
pH 7.00 7.2 7.2
D.O. mg /1 9.5 mg /l 10.1 mg /I 10.4 mg /1
Alkalnity 80 mg /1 55 mg /1 44 mg /i
(as CaCO 3 )
SpecfiE Conductance
mho /cm
Total Disolved
Solids
Turbidity
Jackson Turbidity
Units
B.O.D.
Ammonia (NH3 -N)
Total : Organ i c= Nitrogen
(NO 3 + NO2 -N)
Phosphate
(Ortho -PO4)
Total Colforms
M.P.N.
Fecal Colforms.
M.P.N.
268 mho /cm2 170 mho /cm2 175 mho /cm2
168 mg /1 104 mg /1 110 mg /1
11 JCU 26 JCU 20 JCU
1.5 mg /1 2.1 mg /l 2.0 mg /1
.111 mg /1 .089 mg /1 .070 mg /1
.937 mg /1 .635 mg /i .562 mg /1
43 mg /1 31.5 mg /1 27.7 mg /1
4,600/100/ml 46,000/100/m1 24,000/100 ml
1,500/100 ml 420 /100 /m1 930/100/m1
ANDOVER POND
MARCH 13, 1974
III ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RESULTING FROM THE PROPOSED ACTION
A. Projections of Water Quality Impact
1) Methods
In the previous section, the studies undertaken by the River
Basin Coordination Committee ( RIBCO) were mentioned. Part of
the RIBCO studies involved a model whereby the water quality impact
of the runoff from different types of land uses can be projected.
Varying amounts of pollutants were found to build up during dry
periods on a typical acre depending on the land use classification.
Then, according to the intensity and duration of rainfall, a
percentage of these pollutants will wash off. In the case of the
subject site, the runoff carrying these pollutants eventually
finds its way into the P -17 drainage ditch and then to the City
of Tukwila retention pond until it is pumped into the Green River.
Thus, using the RIBCO model, the concentration of pollutants in
an average liter of runoff from the site reaching the river during
different weather conditions can be calculated.
The projections of pollutant concentrations can be performed for
innumerable weather situations, however for the purposes of this
analysis, the following four weather situations were chosen on the
basis of weather information obtained from the National Weather
Service.
In December of 1973, there were 7 days in which 0.5 inches or more
of rain fell. In an extreme case during December there might be 4.5
days of no rain during which time pollutants build up on the land
and then are washed off in a rainfall in which 0.50 inches rain
falls within one hour. This situation corresponds to the first
column of Chart E.
In June of 1973 there was only one day in which 0.5 inches or
more of rain fell. In an extreme case in the summer there might:
be a 30 day period of no rain during which time pollutants build
up on the land and then are washed off in a rainfall in which 0.5
inches rain falls in one hour (see the second column of Chart E).
Rainfalls of 0.1 inches or more are considerably more frequent
in both the winter and summer. In December there were 25 days
in which 0.10 inches or more rain fell and in June there were
9 days in which 0.10 or more inches fell. So, for the purposes of
this analysis, a typical case might be one in which there is
a relatively short interval of no rain followed by 0.10 inches
falling within one hour for both winter and summer (see the third
and fourth columns of Chart E).
According to The Seattle Rain Gage Program and Rainstorm Data,
by H.W. Duff and G.C.C. Hsieh (Oct 1969), a rainfall of O. inches
in an hour might occur in a 10 year storm and 0.1 inches rainfall
will occur several times in a year.
According to the RIBCO analysis, a rainfall of 0.5 inches in an
hour will wash off 90% of the pollutants built up in the
preceeding dry period. By the same manner, a rainfall of 0.10
inches in an hour will wash off 37% of the pollutants.
Thus, the following formula was used in the water quality projections:
Acres x Number of Dry Days x Washoff Factor (above) x RIBCO waste load factor
liters of runoff
Weather
Winter
4.5 days no rain
followed by
0.5 inches rain
in 1 hour.
Chart E
Projections of Water Quality Impact
25.4 Acres (Commercial - Light Industrial)
Summer
30 days no rain
followed by 0.5
inches rain in
1 hour.
% Impervious Surface
90%
BOD (mg /liter)
imp.* 18.23
per. 11
sub. .02
90%
12.18
.001
Conductivity (mhos /liter)
imp. .00035 .054
per. 11 11
sub. .035 5.4
Total Coliform ( #/ 100 ml)
imp. 788,040 5,253,580
per. 11 �1
sub. 35,000 2,300
Fecal Coliform ( #/ 100 ml)
imp. 7,880 52,535
per. 11 ,1
sub. 350 23
Organic Nitrogen (mg /liter)
imp. .40 2.6
per.
sub.
Ammonia (mg /liter)
imp. 18.26
per. 11
sub. 9.1
36.53
18.26
(mg /liter)
imp. .08 .53
per. .99 6.62
sub. 13.90 92.67
Phosphate (mg /liter)
imp. 1.58
per. 0.16
sub. 7.94
10.59
1.06
92.67
Winter
1.24 days no rain
followed by 0.10
inches rain in
1 hour.
90%
10.34
.001
.0002
.02
446,300
11
19,840
4,460
11
200
.22
11
11
4.49
"
2.25
.045
.56
7.87
.044
.004
7.87
Summer
3.33 days no rain
followed by 0.10
inches rain in
1 hour.
90%
27.76 •
11
.0003
.0005
11
.05
n
12.08
6.04
.12
1.51
21.14
2.41
.24
12.08
*impervious
pervious
subsurface,
•
2) Results
The previous data indicates that the subject site will constitute
a source of pollution of coliforms, nutrients and will create
additional biological oxygen demand in the Green River which will
eventually receive the runoff.
The samples taken in the City of Tukwila retention pond provide
a relative indication of the short term water quality impact which
can be expected when construction occurs on the site. When these
samples were taken, there had been several days of light rainfall,
and much construction was underway within the drainage basin.
Consequently siltation, biological oxygen demand and coliforms
were high, but due to the amount of rainfall which had occurred,
the sampling data yielded values somewhat lower than those
projected for the site upon complete development.
Upon full development, the highest pollutant concentrations can
be expected to occur in runoff from the site after a rainfall
following a long dry period. Thus, the factor most influencing
pollutant concentrations in this case, is the length of time between
rainfalls. The highest pollution concentrations will probably
occur in summer runoff.
The subject site represents a little less than 4% of the total
P -17 drainage basin. If the land were in open space, impervious
areas might be less than 5% and pollutant concentrations in the
runoff might be as low as a tenth of the values projected for
most water quality parameters. These relationships dramatically
show the small but cumulative impact on water quality of development
of increments of the Green River Valley. The subject site is not
a major contributor to water quality problems and indeed, the site
alone would create an imperceptible change in the total water
quality of the Green River. However, the overall development of
the Green River Valley has resulted in deleterious effects on the
river.
•
0 Pt
City of Tukwila
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
for
Lincoln Properties Inc.
Development Project
Tukwila, King County, Washington
Pursuant to: Washington State Environmental
Policy Act of 1971 -- Chapter 43.21 C. RCW
City of Tukwila, Washington
Ordinance No. 759
Frank Todd
Mayor
by
Delbert F. Moss
Planning Coordinator
•
The nature of this report is a Draft Environmental Impact Statement with
the City of Tukwila.
Planning Department Sponsor: Delbert F. Moss, Planning Coordinator
Attention: City of Tukwila Planning Department
6230 Southcenter Boulevard
Tukwila, Washington 98067
Type of Proposed Action: Administration decision by the City of Tukwila,
review of proposals, and permit approval for the property described in
Exhibit A, B and C Legal Description, and site plan Exhibit "1 ", - 1973 by
private interests.
Permits to be granted:
1. Building permit.
2. Sewer and Water permit.
3. Permits to power, natural gas, and telephone utility companies
for use of city right -of -way in providing service to the subject
area.
Other Official Action = Review
1. Review of State Department of Ecology Flood Zone permit by Public
Works Director.
2. Review of Storm drainage system.
3. Review of site plan and landscaping parking by City Planning
Commission.
4. Review,of curb cut locations by Planning Commission.
Summary of the Proposed Action
1. To undertake all official action necessary to allow completion
of proposed project, in accordance with all city laws, policies,
and plans.
2. Location: See attached exhibit 1 -1973
3. Size: Approximately 23 acres,.
4. Zone: C. M. - Industrial Park.
The Environmental Impact for the development of this property in
a C.M. Zone resulting from the proposed action will not have a
significant environmental impact if sound architecture, engi-
neering, hydraulic, and ecological principles are adhered to.
5.. Topographic /Geologic Impact: The earthwork operation required is
but a continuation of work begun on all property north, west, and
east, and would complete all properties up to South 180th Street.
This earthwork program is being undertaken in a manner, consistent
with sound soils engineering practice.
6. Biological Impact: This action will cover all remaining grass-
lands; the major biological impact in this area occurred some-
time ago when the area was established a Commercial Industrial
Zone.
7. Atmospheric Impact: Noise level will increase with added
automobile and trucking. An increase in concentration of air
pollutants will result from automobile and construction work.
8. Surface Drainage /River System Impact: Surface runoff will contri-
bute only a small part of the overall drainage problem associ-
ated with the Green River System.
9. Change in Human Use: The continuation of commercial industrial
development that will result from the proposed action represents
no change in the human use other than to expand it onto land
that has been dormant.
•
•
•
A. PROPOSED ACTION
1. Purpose
It is the intention of the developer to construct retail, commer-
cial and warehouse buildings.
The buildings will be used by a varied type of user, similar to
the other areas of Southcenter and Andover Park.
The building designed will cover approximately 50% of land with
parking per code, landscaping per code and ordinance.
2. Type of Action
The City of Tukwila will perform administrative and legislative
action in the review of proposals and the granting of permits,
for the Lincoln Properties, Inc. commercial and industrial devel-
opment which will hereinafter be referred to as the subject area.
All review and permit procedures are prescribed by Tukwila City
Ordinances and have been codified within the Tukwila Municipal
code.
This Environmental Impact Statement is intended to describe the
anticipated effects upon environmental quality resulting from
each incremental phase of development within the subject area
until ultimate development is achieved as allowed by the appli-
cable sections of the Tukwila Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance
(ORD. 251 S1.1, 1957).
3. Justification for the Proposed Action
The proposed action is the lawful implementation of previously
determined City of Tukwila policies as embodied within official
plans, ordinances and resolutions.
4. Location (Refer to Location Map, Exhibit 1 -1973.
The subject area lies wholly within the Tukwila City limits, and
is bounded by Southcenter Parkway on the west, Andover Park West
on the East, 180th South on the south, and the North Access
Road of Southcenter West Development.
5. ,Historical Background
This area of the Green River Valley has been used primarily for
dairying purposes ever since the white man settled in the area
in the nineteenth century. Truck farming was also carried on but
the high water table and poor drainage kept this use to a minimum.
A large portion of the north end of the Green River Valley
remained in marshes and sedges, and Cat Tails remained dominant
plant types up to the time of rapid industrial growth in the
early and mid 1960's.
This industrial development resulted from a combination of factors.
Geography sets severe constraints on where transportation routes
• can be built in the Puget Sound region.
•
Seattle's response to Tacoma's predominance as the major rail-
road terminus on Puget Sound led to the building of the Seattle
and Spokane railroad lines, which later became part of the
Chicago - Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad's main line up
through the Duwamish and the lower Green and Maple Valleys.
Eventually, other railroads, the Northern Pacific, Union Pacific
and Great Northern followed nearly parallel routes from Seattle:
to Tacoma. This . railroad building made the first and major
changes in the location of the Green, Duwamish and Black River
channels. The Black River has not been a major tributary since
the Lake Washington Ship Canal was completed in 1914, lowering
the lakes level by 15 feet. Prior to that time, both Lake
Washington and the Cedar River were drained by the Black River
into the Duwamish River. Except for the highway system under-
taken in the first quarter of the century, little physical
change occurred in the area until industrial development began
in the 1960's.
Early in the 1950's, the planners for the Port of Seattle real-
ized that more area at dock side would be needed in order to
handle large ships, and an ambitious plan to turn the Duwamish
and Green River Valleys into a large industrial valley with a
shipping canal was begun.
The Port Authority has the right to impose it's zoning on the
land if it can prove this to be the most valuable use.
Suits by the residents'in the area began when they felt that they
were not being treated fairly by the Port District. By incorpo-
rating large areas into the City of Tukwila and imposing their
own zoning on the land, the city was successful in preventing
the Port District from imposing it's own zoning and, subsequent-
ly, dredging a shipping canal through the Duwamish and Green
River valleys. With industrial zoning placed on the land, and
high increases in residential and commercial development on the
adjacent hillside, the subsequent building of the freeway system,
again to some extent dictated by geography and topographic fea-
tures, started the present rush of industrial and commercial
development that will not abate for several more years.
Credits for Source of Information:- City of 'i'uKwila Planning
Department. Draft:
Draft: Environmental Impact Statement for the Strander Boule-
vard extension and bridge.
Values have .since changed, but events set in motion by the Port
District's plans cannot be changed over a short time. The delay
in developments have allowed for high quality standards to be
imposed as a result of the changed attitudes toward the natural
environment rather than only quantitative perimeters to be used.
Location: The project is located on 180th South between South
Center Parkway and Andover Park West and north approximately
1,400' - 0 ".
6. Financing
The proposed method of financing is the owner, Lincoln Properties
Inc.
B. EXISTING CONDITIONS
1. Natural Setting
a. Size
The area involved and most directly affected by the develop-
ment of this project is the 700 to 800 acres, more or less,
contained in the Southcenter-Andover Park Industrial areas.
b. Topography
Topography is characterized by a flat alluvial plain, actu-
ally part of the delta for the Green, Duwamish and Black
Rivers. The river meanders widely throughout the whole
length of the valley area and aerial photos indicate numer-
ous abandoned river channels. In flood, the river is above
some sections of the valley floor and is held back by ex-
tensive levees, both natural and man -made. With the advent
of industrial development, extensive pumping is required to
remove excess water from the flatland and runoff from sur-
rounding hills.
c. Geology
The geology of the area is characterized by layered gravel,
and and clay materials, laid down as glacial till ridges,
and, subsequently, uplifted and tilted by basaltic and
bracial formations. This rock is exposed and extensively
mined at several locations. The deposition of alluvial
materials in the valley floor reflect the latest in geolo-
gic sequential events, antidated by the most recent glacial
retreat, which scoured the tectonically rippled hills and
valleys in the characteristic north -south direction, common
in the Puget Sound basin.
d. Biological and Botanical Elements
The existing dominant biological species in both the river
and on the land of proposed action have been surveyed and
listed in Tables 1 and 2. The natural setting at proposed
site contains the mentioned botanical species with grasses
(Gramineae) predominating.
e. Lakes, Streams, Marine Water and Groundwater
The Duwamish River flows through site of proposed action in
a turn of its meanders. The land at this location is fairly
5
level, and the approximately 120 foot wide Duwamish River
flows slowly, as it meanders. through our City of Tukwila.
The natural course of the rive has been altered in various
places near but not at the proposed site.
The water table is high due to proximity of river, and during
late winter and early spring, the water table may be within a
few inches of the ground surface.
2. Human Use and Development
a. Residential (8 square miles surrounding the area)
(1) Single Family Dwelling 3,484
Average household size 2.3
(2) Two Family Dwellings 2
(3) Three or Four Family Dwellings 3
(4) Five to Eight Family Dwellings 0
(5) Nine or More Family Dwellings 59
(6) Hotels, Motels, and Tourist Homes 3
(7) Mobile Homes 0
b. Commercial
(1)
(2)
Wholesale and Distributors
Retail
a. Southcenter
b.
c. Industrial
1. Shopping Population (daily)
2. Shopping Population (peak)
3. 1971 Total Shopping
Population
- 28,600
- 92,000
- 11,500,000
Other than Southcenter
34
108
10
(1) Mining 2
(2) Construction 2
(3) Manufacturing
a. Southcenter 7
b. Other than Southcenter 24
d. Agricultural
(1)
(2)
Dairy Farm (5) Acre
Mixed Crops (7 Acre, 36 Acre,
e. Recreational
3 Acre)
1
3
(1) Minor Parks (Less than 5 acres) 4
a. Picnic Tables
b. 2 Tennis Courts
(2) Golf Courses 1
(3) Tukwila Community Club 1
(4) Race Tracks (Longacres) 1
(5) Numerous Fishing Sites along the River
6
f. Transportation
• (1) Railroads (BNSF Burlington Northern, Union Pacific, Milwaukee)
•
•
g.
a. Passenger
b. Freight
(2) Taxi Cab Services
(3) 405 and I -5 Intersections
a. Cars to Southcenter (daily average - 13,000)
b. Cars to Southcenter (peak daily average - 40,000)
(4) Truck Transportation - 2,500 daily
a. Terminals
b. Freeway Accesses
(5) River Transportation
(6) Helicopter service to Longacres
(7) Employees (Southcenter) - 7,500
(8) Cars (Southcenter) - 5,013,600 yearly
Education
(1) Elementary 4
(2) Jr. High 1
(3) Sr. High 1
h.. Religion
(1) Churches 10
NOTE: The area surveyed for a statistical baseline is
proportionally larger, 8 square miles compared
to the City's 4 square miles. However, nearly
one - hundred percent of all new commercial/
industrial activity within Tukwila is of a
regional nature.
C. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PROPOSED ACTION
1. Changes in Natural Characteristics
a. Vegetation
(1) Type Changed
The following are plants that will be removed by
proposed action: (See Table I)
(2) Location of Change
Approximately one -half mile upstream from the F.A.I.
405 Bridge over the Green River.
(3) Density Changes
Removal of approximately 10% A.C. of site. This
action will cause a vegetation density change of at
least 90%
7
•
•
•
b. Soil and Rock
Late forming alluminium and glacial silt from the late
Pleistocene geological era.
c. Rivers
There will be no changes in bottom characteristics.
TABLE I
PLANTS DISPLACED BY PROPOSED ACTION
BOTANICAL
FAMILY
GENUS AND SPECIES
Aceraceae Acer circinatum
Acer macrophyllum
Compositae Anthemis cotula
Cirsium arvense
Hypochaeris radicata
Matricaria matricarioides
Sonchus asper
Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale
Gramineae Agrastis tenuis
Agropyron repens
Hordeum leporinum
8
chemical properties, inflow - outflow and circulation. NOTE:
The river at proposed location is approximately 120 feet
across and flows at about midstream.
d. Atmosphere
The chemical properties of the atmosphere will be indirectly
affected through the usage of proposed action by motor
vehicles. Air circulation and weather processes will not
be affected. There will be an increase in noise levels in
the immediate surroundings due to automobiles and people..
2. Resultant Life Changes
a. Biological
(1) The addition of landscaping and new trees will in-
crease any displaced species by approximately 30 %.
b. Community Patterns, Traditions and Functions
(1) Patterns will largely be indirectly affected by pro-
posed action. The new building will lead to more
employment, increased tax base, and some increase in
the City's population.
(2) Traditions and functions will not be altered by pro -
posed action but will be reinforced. In the past
several years, Tukwila has become an industrial and
business oriented city.
c. Human Uses
Residentially, agriculturally and recreationally, there
shall be a minimal, if noticeable, life change with maximum
fe change rtsulLLng in the commercial, industrial, and
transportational areas.
D. UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The major adverse environmental effects would be the disruption of
biological successional events. The proposed site was formerly a
field and for several years has been unattended. This has given
nature the opportunity to begin its course to increase the exising
biological diversity. The disruption of this natural sequence is the
unavoidable adverse envirotmental effect.
The biological recovery of the displaced species is very unlikely due
to usage and maintenance of proposed action and is not expected in
the forseeable future.
The reason for the unavoidabiiity is that a series of buildings will
put in its place, including paving for access roads and parking.
E. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
The alternative would be to seek. other areas for development.
9
F. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT -TERM ENVIRONMEMTAL USES AND THE
MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG -TERM PRODUCTIVITY
1. Time Involved in Proposed Short -Term Uses
Short -term uses for the building and the area served will con-
stitute a transition time only in which all of the land within
the subject area will be converted to commercial, industrial and
business uses.
2. Potentials for Long -Term Productivity of Involved Resources
Potentials for long -term productivity of involved resources non-
renewable involve largely the land area itself.
a. Choices of Use Available
The project will preclude the land being used for agricul-
tural purposes, except if market conditions determine that
the need for land for industrial - commercial uses in this
area is not critical. This may be the case farther south
in the Green River Valley but not at this location.
b. Potential Long -Term or Future Economic Productivity
Future economic productivity will largely depend on the
industrial growth trends in the Puget Sound Basin and what
selection processes are used to protect environment while
enhancing economic stability. Industry will continue to be
largely distributive and service oriented rather than manu-
facturing in nature.
3. Preclusion of Enhancement of Long -Term Potentials
Because of its geographic location, that being the only major
point south of the Seattle City Center, at which all major forms
of land communications, utilities and transportation systems
come together, in addition to air transportation, this area
will continue to absorb the major overspill for industry in the
metropolitan area.
a. Optional Future Uses Precluded or Enhanced
This process will only change if political and economic
decisions reduce the market oriented growth dynamics of
the area.
Changes in technology could have other effects as yet un-
known.
b. Degree of Preclusion or Enhancement
The present policy is one of enhancing the developments
themselves and continuous study and revision of municipal
and regional goals.
10
G. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE RESOURCE COMMITMENTS WITH THE PROPOSED
ACTION
1. Commitments
Irreversible and irretrievable resource commitments with the
proposed action include land use, construction materials (both
for the project and the area served), cost, soil fertility and
options for other potential uses.
a. Nature and Relative Permanence of Commitments
The commitment of the resource is long -term, probably tifty
years or more.
b. Stability of Resources Involved
Resources, largely land area for industrial development, is
in great abundance. Questions of availability ct basic raw
materials tor products tlowing through the commercial area
are far more critical than are alternative uses of few
hundred acres of marginal farmland (which in Tukwila were
largely swampland and wet pastures).
c. Percentage of Resource to be Permanently Committed
Nearly one- hundred percent ot the land served by the pro-
posed project wilt be developed for commercial industrial
uses.
2. Reason for Irreversibility and Irretrievability
Transportation facilities and lack of land at competative prices
in Seattle dictate commitments of land to the afore- mentioned
uses.
a. Potential for Diminishing Permanence of Commitments
Potential for diminishing permanence of commitments rests
with the regions commitment toward less economic growth in
the future.
b. Reasons for Not Employing Diminishing Measures
It is not within the capability of citizens in Tukwila to
determine region goals. They can only influence the quali-
ty of the separate developments within their corporate
limits.
H. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
1.. Planning and Design of the Proposed Action
a. Precipitating Event and Need to Initiate Planning
Planning:; and design of the proposed action was initiated by
private interest for private industry.
l i.
b. Period of Time Involved in Planning to Date
At least six months planning including two months of inten-
sive planning have gone into the project to date.
c. Financial Commitments to Date
The land is being purchased and preliminary plans and
specifications are being prepared by the architect.
2. Public Expression and Participation
Tukwila is unique for cities in the region in that a great many
citizens attend nearly every public hearing where full advantage
is taken to express views.
In addition, newspaper coverage in both the Record Chronicle
and Highline Times has been made.
3. Currency of Recommended Action
a. Relationship with Local, Statewide and National Policies
and Plans.
The project complies fully with local, statewide and national
policies and plans, particularly in the area of providing
potential for employment.
b. Relationship to Prevailing Economic Conditions
Economic conditions, particularly in the South King County
area, has been the most severly hit by the past recession.
Unemployment reached more than twenty percent, locally, which
itself provides a strong case for employment opportunities
allowed by the project. This position has been reaffirmed
by the State.
c. Relationship to Current Technology
The project is not only within the capability of current
technology, but determined,and necessitated by it.
d. Relationship to Existing Laws and Regulations
Existing laws and regulations are being fully complied with
including application of all required permits.
4. Pursuant Actions
a. Plans for resolution in Areas of Conflicting Public Opinion
or Agency Policy
No areas exist where resolution of conflict have not been
resolved.
• i'4` 1i�14 ��'��jil
b. Further Legislative, Financial, Administrative or Judicial
Actions Necessary for Implementation.
None required; all have been resolved.
c. Further Study Planned or Contemplated for Resolution in
Areas of Conflicting Resource Uses.
No further study for resource uses will be required.
d. Additional Time Anticipated for Full Implementation of the
Proposed Action
The project, including required permits, is presently on
schedule with no additional time beyond current projection
anticipated.
EXHIBIT "A"
September 11, 1973
File 73106
Sammamish Commercial Company, Inc.
Legal Description of Parcel 1 of the 24 Acre Parcel
That portion of the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter and
the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 35,
Township 23 North, Range 4 East, W.M. in King County, Washington -
described as follows: beginning at the northwest corner of said
northwest quarter of the northeast quarter;
thence S 02° 24' 12" W along the west line of said northwest quarter
of the northeast quarter a distance of 894.47 feet to the rorth line
of the south 430 feet of said northeast quarter of the northwest
quarter and the true point of beginning:
thence N 87° 50' 57" W along said north line a distance of 177.29 feet
to a line 36 feet easterly of the centerline of Southcenter Parkway
(formerly 57th Avenue South);
thence S 11° 59' 33" E along said line a distance of 322.74 feet;
Sthence along a curve to the left having a radius of 107.24 feet,
an arc distance of 141.96 feet through a central angle of 75° 50' 36"
to a line 36 feet northerly of the centerline of South 180th Street;
thence S 87° 50' 09" E along said line a distance of 576.70 feet to
a line 740.70 feet west of the east line of said northwest quarter of
the northeast quarter of said Section 35;
thence N 01° 51' 39" E a distance of 603.89 feet to the southwest
corner of the tract of land conveyed to Bruce E. McCann et al by
deed recorded under Auditor's File No.. 7208 170 551;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 438.09 feet to a point 140.16
feet east of the west line of the northeast quarter of said Section
35;
thence S 02° 24' 12" W a distance of 209.26 feet to the north line
of the south 430 feet of said northwest quarter of the northeast
quarter;
thence N 87° 50' 09" W a distance of 140.16 feet to the true point
of beginning.
Subject to easements for rail and utility purposes.
Situate in the City of Tukwila, County of King, State of Washington.
EXHIBIT "B"
September 11, 1973
File 73106
Sammamish Commercial Company, Inc.
Legal Description of Parcel 2 of the 24 Acre Parcel.
That portion of the northwest quarter.of the northeast quarter of
Section'35, Township 23 North, Range 4 East, W.M. in King County,
Washington described as follows:
Beginning at the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the
northeast quarter of said Section 35;
thence S 01° 51' 39" W along the east line of said northwest quarter
of the northeast quarter a distance of 1003.74 feet;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 30.00 feet to the west margin of
Andover Park ;lest and the true point of beginning:
thence continuing N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 270.00 feet;
thence N 01° 51' 39" E a distance of 272.50 feet;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 440.70 feet;
thence S 01° 51' 39" W a distance of 553.89 feet to a line 36 feet
north of the centerline of South 180th Street;
thence S 87° 50' 09" E along said line a distance of 685.17 feet;
thence along a curve to the left, the center of which bears
W 27° 26' 23 W having a radius of 50.00 feet, an arc distance of
52.97 feet through a central angle of 60° 41' 58" to the west margin
of Andover Park West;
thence N 01° 51' 39 E along said west margin a distance of 238.66 feet
to the true point of beginning.
Subject to easements for rail and utility purposes.
Situate in the City of Tukwila, County of King, State of Washington.
EXHIBIT "C"
September 11, 1973
File 73106
Sammamish Commercial Company, Inc.
Legal Description of Parcel 3 of the 24 Acre Site
That portion of the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of
Section 26, Township 23 North, Range 4 East, Willamette Meridian,
together with that portion of the northwest quarter of the northeast
quarter of Section 35, Township 23 North, Range 4 East, Willamette
Meridian, described as follows;
Beginning at the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of said
Section 26:
thence S 87° 44' 08" E along the south line of said southeast quarter
a distance of 140.16 feet to the true point of beginning:
thence N 01° 12' 25" E parallel to the west line of said southeast
quarter a distance of 137.06 feet;
thence S 87° 55' 02" E a distance of 433.03 feet;
thence S 01° 51' 03" W a distance of 822.00 feet;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 438.09 feet;
thence N 02° 24' 12" E a distance of 684.96 feet to the true point
of beginning.
Together with a non - exclusive easement for ingress and egress over
and across a strip of land 50 feet in width described as follows:
Beginning at the southwest corner of that certain tract of land
conveyed to 186 Corporation by deed recorded under Recording No.
711110 -0109;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 440.70 feet;
thence S 01° 51' 39" W parallel to Andover Park West a distance of
50.00 feet;
thence S 87° 55' 02" E a distance of 710.70 feet to the west margin
of Andover Park West;
thence N 01° 51' 39 E.along said west margin a distance of 50.00
feet to the southeast corner of said tract of land conveyed by
Recording No. 711110 -0109;
thence N 87° 55' 02" W along the south line of said tract of land a
distance of 270.00 feet to the point of beginning.
Exhibit C -Page 2
Ilk over and across a a strip for
width described as followSi
over and across a P
Beginning at the northeast corner
3f ;the northwest quarter of the
northeast quarter of said Section
thence N 87° 44' 08" W along the north line of said section 35 a
distance of 30.00 feet;
thence N 01° 47' 29" E along the west margin of Andover Park West
a distance of 115.66 feet tp the true point of beginning,
thence N 87° 55' 02" W a distance of 710.70 feet;
thence N 01° 51' 03" E a distance of 25.00 feet;
thence S 87° 55' 02" E a distance of 710.67 feet to the west margin
of Andover Park West;
thence S 01° 47' 29" W along of sti�a
og said
beginning.
Subject a distance of
25.00 feet to the true point
Subject to easements for rail and utility purposes.
Situate in the City of Tukwila, County of King, State of Washington.
•
northwest environmental technology laboratories, inc.
300 - 120th avenue n.e., bldg. 2 suite 108, bellevue, washington 98005, (206) 455 - 3570
NETL No. 50- 73-048
AN AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
FOR
LINCOLN CENTER SOUTH NO. 2
Prepared for:
Manson Bennett Associates
1411 4th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
December 31, 1973
NETL No. 50 -73 -048
AN AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
FOR
LINCOLN CENTER SOUTH NO. 2
Prepared by
Errol Nelso
Air Quality Specialist
Approved by:
/r.■
h M. an anger, D ector
nvironmental Servi es
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 POLLUTION ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 2
2.1 General Background Concentrations 2
2.2 Line Source Concentrations 4
2.3 Concentrations from the Proposed Development 4
3.0 POLLUTION INVENTORY 5
3.1 Emissions from Background Sources 5
3.2 Emissions from Nearby Roadways 9
3.3 Emissions from the Proposed Development 9
4.0 METEOROLOGY 10
5.0 AIR MONITORING PROGRAM 10
5.1 Monitoring Instruments 11
5.2 Data Analysis 12
6.0 PREDICTED POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS 16
6.1 Specification of "Worst Case" Conditions 16
6.2 Background Concentration Predictions 17
6.3 Development Concentration Predictions 19
6.4 Comparison with Allowable Standards 19
7.0 REFERENCES 22
SUMMARY
The impact of the proposed development on the local air quality is
in relation to the contribution to the local air pollution burden from
activity within the development itself, in comparison with the local
background burden established by pollutant emissions from adjacent
stationary source activity (residences and businesses), and by traffic
on adjacent roadways. Under "worst case" meteorological and emission
conditions (stable atmosphere and light northerly winds occurring with
peak traffic loads on 1 -5, 1 -405 and in and around the Southcenter
shopping mall), the eight -hour average carbon monoxide standard of
9 ppm is predicted to be approached, but not exceeded; the one -hour
average standard of 35 ppm will not be approached.
Pollution concentrations are expected to peak in 1975, and this
study has shown that the 1975 predicted carbon monoxide concentrations
due to background activity under "worst case" conditions are 8.9 ppm
maximum one hour average concentration, and 6.2 ppm maximum eight hour
average concentration. The development itself is predicted to add an
additional 0.8 ppm one -hour average maximum, and 0.5 ppm eight -hour
average maximum, to the background maxima. The total 9.7 and 6.7 ppm
one- and eight -hour average concentrations, respectively, are well below
applicable standards.
Carbon monoxide concentrations obtained at the site under meteoro-
logical and emission conditions similar to the specified "worst case"
conditions indicated measured background concentrations of 8.5 ppm. and
4.7 ppm for the maximum one hour and eight hour averages, respectively.
These data are in good agreement with the predicted 8.9 ppm and 6.2 ppm
values.
In conclusion, it is therefore expected that the proposed develop-
ment will not create an additional traffic load great enough to prevent
the attainment or maintenance of air quality standards in the vicinity
of the proposed action. Relative to air quality, the proposed business
and commercial development will have minimal impact on the surrounding
environment.
1
AN AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
FOR
LINCOLN CENTER SOUTH NO. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Lincoln Center South No. 2 is a proposed business and commercial
center of about 23.5 acres to be located on the north side of South 180th
St. between Southcenter Parkway and Andover Park W. in Tukwila, Washington.
The development will include the construction of approximately ten build-
ings and parking for 675 automobiles and trucks.
An assessment of air quality in the vicinity of the proposed devel-
opment requires an evaluation of pollutant contributions from several
sources. These are: the general background levels from nearby residences
and, businesses; emission of pollutants from vehicles traveling on roads
adjacent of the proposed development; emissions from vehicles; and heating
within the boundaries of the proposed development.
The maximum pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of the proposed
action will be determined in appropriate mathematical diffusion models
under local "worst case" meteorological conditions. The predicted con-
centrations are compared with existing data and the national and state
ambient air quality standards for 1975 and 1990. This report will evalu-
ate in detail the concentrations of carbon monoxide because it is the pol-
lution which is most likely to have an effect on the development and the
applicable ambient air standards. Existing diffusion modeling techniques
are insufficiently developed to effectively determine the concentrations
of oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons (Federal Register, October 30, 1973).
2.0 POLLUTION ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
2.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS
A 9 x 9 grid network consisting of segments one kilometer square was
established with the proposed development in the center (Figure 1). Ap-
propriate area source emissions were determined from the 1971 Puget Sound
Air Pollution Control Agency emission inventory and assigned to area ele-
2
Grid Size = 1 Kilometer
Figure 1
Area Surrounding Proposed
Lincoln Center South No. 2
Showing Area Source Grids and
Population for each Grid (1970).
3
1785
2753
1454
1000
387
670
704
1000
764
784
1794
1278
1011
244
33
206
>
522
1175
«....
279
429
1264
ire
58
739
22
3
0 T.
486
461
Seattle-
Tacoma.
374
1698
2216
338
0
18
-
rz
18
163
1130:
Airport
I 0
1296
1922
521
Site
0
39
18
o
660
715
163
1911
1637
20
39
17
93 3°
50
191
454
1602
26
60
0
0
390
641
697
650
775
153
0
31
67
0
985
1292
'uget
orth
. 822
1281
112
44
50
51
562
501
520
Grid Size = 1 Kilometer
Figure 1
Area Surrounding Proposed
Lincoln Center South No. 2
Showing Area Source Grids and
Population for each Grid (1970).
3
ments based on population. Added to the background emissions due to popu-
lation are the emissions from the business and commercial activity in the
area adjacent to the development. These emissions are not population de-
pendent and must be added separately.
The distribution of element area sources within the grid network,
which are applied to the mathematical model, should be such that the
source strength will vary less than one order of magnitude from one area
element to the next (Hanna, 1971). The source strength within each ele-
ment is assumed to be constant and uniform across the entire grid. A
wind direction is then assumed which must be parallel to the grid orien-
tation in any one of four possible directions. The orientation chosen
should align with the wind direction which creates the highest likelihood
of "worst case" meteorological conditions.
The mathematical basis for the resultant computation involves the
weighting of successive contributions from grid elements up -wind from a
sensor location. The total composite concentration level is directly
proportional to source strength and inversely proportional to wind speed
(Hanna, 1971). The model used in this assessment is similar to the APRAC-
lA prediction model methodology developed for the Environmental Protection
Agency.
2.2 LINE SOURCE CONCENTRATIONS
In the immediate vicinity of the proposed project, it is necessary
to determine the pollutant concentrations from nearby roadways. A high-
way line source model developed by the California Division of Highways
(Beaton, et aZ., 1972) was utilized to determine these concentrations.
The model employs an empirical approach in combination with the Gaussian
plume equation for cross wind conditions, and considers as a special case
the conditions of a wind parallel to the highway alignment.
2.3 CONCENTRATIONS FROM THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
The concentrations from the proposed development were treated as an
area source emission. The development was assumed to be a 310 meter square,
which conforms to the area of the project. The emissions generated by
heating and vehicles moving within the project boundaries were used in the
area source model (Hanna, 1971). The results estimate the increase in the
ambient air concentrations and predict the impact of the project.
4
3.0 POLLUTION INVENTORY
Pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of the proposed action
come from several sources:
1) An ambient background concentration resulting from emissions
due to residential and business activity in the surrounding
area.
2) From emissions by vehicles utilizing roads adjacent to the
project.
3) From emissions by space heating and vehicles moving about
within the boundaries of the project.
3.1 EMISSIONS FROM BACKGROUND SOURCES
Figure 1 shows the area which constitutes the background assessment
for this report. Each square has the dimensions of one kilometer.
Assigned to each grid segment is a population data point which represents
an estimate of the number of people living in that one kilometer square
in 1970 (Census Bureau, 1971). Estimates of future population by the
Puget Sound Governmental Conference (PSGC, 1972) show that increases of
approximately 1.5% and 25% are expected in that general area in 1975 and
1990, respectively.
Emission rates associated with the population in the grid segments
are derived from the Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency in 1971
emission inventory (PSAPCA, 1971a) and are shown in Table I. The
determination of these emission rates requires a complex breakdown of
the emission inventory and will not be discussed in detail in this
report. The total emissions in each grid segment are a product of the
segment's population and the corresponding pollutant emission rate.
In addition to the pollutants generated from population oriented
activity are the pollutants generated from commercial and industrial
activity in the area. Adjacent to the site is the Southcenter shopping
center and the Andover Industrial Park. The area has a high employment
level and heavy traffic movement throughout the day, but a negligible
population. The size of the area and activity will add substantially
to the background concentrations due to the population oriented activity.
Traffic and emission rate estimates given in Tables II, III and IV are
utilized in the appropriate models described in Section 2 to provide an
estimate of the predicted concentrations in the vicinity of the proposed
project.
5
TABLE 1
EMISSIONS FROM AREA "BACKGROUND" SOURCES
IN KING COUNTY
grams /person /day
Carbon Oxides of Particulate Oxides of
Year Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Matter Sulfur
1975 1046 180 115 8.2 1.9
1990 303 87 57 8.2 1.9
TABLE II
PRESENT (1973) TRAFFIC COUNTS ADJACENT TO THE
PROPOSED LINCOLN CENTER SOUTH NO. 2 FACILITY
number of vehicles
Peak Average
ADT Hour Hour
1 -5 70,400 7,040 2,930
1 -405 57,200 5,720 2,380
S -180th 7,000 700 291
Strander 16,000 1,600 667
West Valley Highway 13,200 1,320 550
South Center Parkway 10,000 1,000 416
6
TABLE I11
MOBILE "LINE" SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS
AT 30(45) MILES PER HOUR VEHICLE SPEED
grams /vehicle mile
Year
Pollutant 1975 1990
Carbon Monoxide 34.0 (25.0) 9.5 (7.0)
Hydrocarbons* 4.9 ( 3.7) 1.6 (1.2)
Oxides of Nitrogen 5.5 ( 6.4) 2.5 (2.8)
Particulate Matter 0.6 ( 0.6) 0.6 (0.6)
Oxides of Sulfur 0.2 ( 0.2) 0.2 (0.2)
Includes crankcase and evaporation emissions.
Assumptions (EPA, 1973):
1. These values do not account for, the delay instituted by the EPA on the
promulgated vehicle emission regulations (Federal Register,
July 2, 1971). The effect will be to set back the full imple-
mentation of the regulations by at least one year and the emis-
sion reductions accordingly.
2. The emission factors assume a hypothetical composite vehicle
consisting of both cars and trucks.
7
TABLE IV
VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR THE
PROPOSED LINCOLN CENTER SOUTH NO. 2
grams /vehicle mile*
Carbon Oxides of Particulate Oxides of
Year Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Matter" Sulfur
1975 93.2 9.2 4.4 0.6 0.2
1990 26.0 2.8 2.0 0.6 0.2
* Emissions are based on the assumption that the average hypothetical
composite vehicle travels on site at 10 mph, 300 meters (0.2 miles)
under warm conditions and 300 meters under intermediate cold start
conditions. As federal regulations are imposed on automobile exhaust
the cold start emissions are assumed to decrease proportional to
vehicle emission reductions. A cold start emission as defined by
(Wendell, 1973) is an intermediate cold start, not a dead cold start.
The total distance traveled by a vehicle on site is defined as an
evolution.
** Emissions from vehicles also include lead (included under particulate
matter) which is expected to be reduced significantly between the
present and 1990. Regulations promulgated by the Environmental Pro -
tection Agency (Federal Register, December 6, 1973) will reduce the
levels of lead in gasoline (as tetraethyl lead) from the present
average of 2.25 grams /gallon to an average of 0.5 grams /gallon by
January 1, 1979.
8
Additionally, the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE, 1973)
has made baseline estimates of the background levels, including popula-
tion oriented activity, in urban sections of the metropolitan Seattle
area. The background levels around the Southcenter area are estimated
to be between 4 and 5 parts per million of carbon monoxide. It is
expected that these concentrations will be indicative of the background
levels around the project also.
3.2 EMISSIONS FROM NEARBY ROADWAYS
Traffic traveling on streets adjacent to the project will create a
localized line pollutant source which contributes to the total level in
the vicinity of the proposed project. The proposed development will
cause a relatively slight increase in traffic surrounding the project.
A traffic inventory and associated vehicular line source emission
factors are shown in Tables II and III, respectively. The traffic in-
ventory is based on actual counts taken by the City of Tukwila and the
Washington State Department of Highways. The large volume of freeway
traffic on 1 -5 and I -405 will also contribute to the pollutant concen-
trations in the vicinity of the proposed action.
3.3 EMISSIONS FROM THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
The major impact of the proposed development on air quality is the
movement of vehicles within the boundaries of the project. Emissions
generated by the project will be determined by the behavior of the
vehicles operating on the property. Table IV shows the expected
emission rates and the assumptions necessary to determine the pollutant
levels on the site.
Estimates of 1975 traffic on the site (Private Communication,
Manson Bennett, 1973) show that approximately 325 evolutions are expected
daily throughout the eight -hour work day. This consists of 220 cars
and trucks for the retail portion of the project and 105 cars and trucks
for the commercial portion of the project. These traffic loads are
expected to remain the same for 1990 also.
Current plans by the developer are to heat the buildings in the
project with electricity, subject to its availability at the time of
construction. On this basis, it is expected that there will be no
pollutant emissions due to space heating.
9
4.0 METEOROLOGY
Weather conditions at the proposed site are similar to those at
Seattle - Tacoma Airport, which is two miles west and 400 feet higher in
elevation. Therefore, data for Sea -Tac is indicative of the site meteor-
ology, with minor modifications due to topographic differences.
It is expected that the north -south orientation of the Green River
Valley will tend to channel the winds, especially the predominant south-
west and north - northwest winds. Easterly winds at the project site will
not be affected by topography, but westerly winds will strongly reflect
the proximity of the west valley wall. Data from the Puget Sound Air
Pollution Control Agency (PSAPCA, 1973b) shows the winds in the South -
center area come predominantly from the north or south.
During extended pollutant build -up periods (eight hours to several
days) polluted air masses move up and down the valley under a channeled
flow regime. Under these conditions, pollutant background concentrations
can increase significantly, especially under a northerly flow which brings
in air from urban Seattle.;
Nocturnally, under calm conditions, drainage air will flow into the
valley from surrounding high ground. Proximity of the project site to
the west wall of the valley will assure that such air drainage will carry
pollutants generated along .I -5 into the local area affected by the project.
The conditions most conducive to "worst case" pollutant build-up are
a two-mile per hour wind and F atmospheric stability for one hour, and a
three -mile per hour wind and D atmospheric stability for eight or more
hours during daylight hours. These conditions may be modified slightly
in localized areas on the valley floor. The frequency of occurrence of
"worst case" conditions will be greatest under the dominant northerly and
southerly winds. "Worst case" conditions are defined in greater detail. in
Section 6.0
5.0 AIR MONITORING PROGRAM
Data were taken over a two -week period at a site on the property to
be developed. The station was located 200 feet east of Southcenter Park-
way and 25 feet north of S. 180th. Measurements of carbon monoxide, wind
speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity were taken between
December 7 and December 24, 1973.
10
5.1 MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
Thermo- hygrographs
The thermo - hygrographs were manufactured by C. F. Casella and
Company of London, England. Temperature and relative humidity are
recorded on a one -week moving drum chart in two colors. Temperature
range is from 0° to +100 °F, with an accuracy of ±3 °F, relative humidity
range is from 0 percent to 100 percent with an accuracy of ±3 percent
of full scale.
Wind Sensing Instruments
The wind speed and direction monitoring equipment was manufactured
by the R. M. Young Company of Traverse City, Michigan. Wind speed and
direction were recorded continuously on a dual- channel strip chart
recorder. The accuracy of the wind speed equipment is ±5 percent of
signal resolution. The electronic accuracy of the wind direction
indicator is ±1.8° azimuth.
Carbon Monoxide Analyzer
The Ecolyzer CO monitor was manufactured by Energetics Science, Inc.
of New York City. The instrument range is from 0 to 100 ppm. Nominal
accuracy of the equipment is ±1.0 percent of full scale or ±1.0 ppm CO.
CO was monitored continuously on a strip chart recorder.
Zero level calibrations of the instrument were conducted automa-
tically at hourly intervals using a solid state calibration circuit.
This modification to the standard Ecolyzer unit eliminates error caused
by drift in the zero level thereby enabling the measurements below the
nominal ±1.0 ppm manufacturers tolerance.
Data is reduced to obtain averages over a minimum of one hour. One
hour is defined as that period of time from the Oth through the 59th
minute of each hour. For example, using a military 24 -hour clock, the
data taken between 2 pm and 3 pm on a given day would be listed under
1400. Any data for which there was not a continuous record was not
considered in the evaluation of the readings.
11
5.2 DATA ANALYSIS
During the two -week sampling period, 213 hourly values of all para-
meters were obtained. Maximum temperature values ranged from 42 ° -54 °F
while minimum ranged from 28 ° -46 °F. Relative humidities varied from 40
to 100% with the majority greater than 80 %.
The average carbon monoxide reading over the sampling period was
1.2 parts per million. Wind speeds varied from calm (< 1 mph) to 10 miles
per hour with the maximum frequency in the 2 to 6 mile per hour range.
Wind directions were predominantly northerly or southerly. Figures
2 -4 show the hourly variation of wind direction and pollutant levels.
During the sampling period there were several occasions when the
average concentration of carbon monoxide exceeded 2 parts per million.
The highest eight -hour average concentration occurred between 4 pm and
midnight on December 21. The average concentration over the period was
4.7 ppm. An hourly maximum of 8.5 ppm was also observed during this
period. Maximum hourly concentrations during this period were
associated with a northerly wind direction and a wind speed of 2 miles
per hour or less. Near the end of the eight -hour period, the wind
shifted to southerly and the wind speed increased to 4 -5 miles per hour.
Coincident with this shift, the carbon monoxide concentrations dropped
to 1 -2 ppm.
The noted high concentrations of carbon monoxide levels were due
primarily to increased traffic in the Southcenter shopping center
concomitant with peak traffic loads on 1 -5 and 1 -405 during the Friday
before Christmas shopping rush. Carbon monoxide data was collected
by the Air Pollution Agency (PSAPCA, 1973b) at McMicken Heights
(South 176th and 42nd South) about two kilometers west of the project.
Data taken from this site show that the highest one hour average was
6 ppm and the highest eight -hour average was 4 ppm during 1972. Data
for 197.3 at the same location (Private Communication, PSAPCA, 1973)
showed maximum one hour concentrations of 5 ppm and monthly averages of
about 1 ppm.
12
1 1 l 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Scale Occurrence.
Figure 2
Wind Direction
Frequency of Occurrence
Lincoln Center South No. 2
December 7 -24, 1973
13
35 40 45 50
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Scale Carbon Monoxide
PPm
Figure 3
Carbon Monoxide Pollutant Rose
Lincoln Center South No. 2
December 7 -24, 1973
14
Carbon
Monoxide,
PPm
2.540
2.0 IND
1.5 ow.
1.0
Figure 4
Average Daily
Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
Lincoln Center South No. 2
December 7 -24, 1973
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $ .1 1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Hour of Day
6.0 PREDICTED POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
6.1 SPECIFICATION OF "WORST CASE" CONDITIONS
The spreading and dilution of pollutants throughout the atmosphere
is caused by turbulence. The ability of the atmosphere to support
turbulence, depends on how the atmosphere is structured with regard to
temperature. Temperature inversions (temperature increasing with height)
inhibit turbulence, whereas strong temperature lapse rates (temperature
decreasing with height) enhance turbulence. An atmosphere exhibiting a
temperature inversion is therefore termed "stable ", wheras that showing .
a strong lapse rate is termed "unstable." By convention, the normal
range of atmospheric stability is described in terms of six stability
"categories," labeled A through F in ascending order, i.e., categories A
and F describe the most unstable and the most stable atmospheric condi-
tions, respectively. The "average" atmospheric state is described by
category D, also termed the "neutral" stability condition.
Because the efficiency of pollutant dispersion is related to stability,
the stability category designations provide a convenient basis for the
specification of "worst case" meteorological conditions relative to the
degradation of local air quality. Cold air drainage down the Green River
Valley (Section 4) gives rise to the development of pronounced temp-
erature inversions within the valley, and therefore category F can be
defined as the "worst case" stability condition likely to occur for one
or two hours duration. This will be a wintertime, early morning and late
evening condition (i.e., the beginning and end of the working day); solar
heating during mid -day will likely modify the stability to category D.
Given the specified "worst case" stability condition, the remaining
factor which determines the local air quality is the strength and the
direction of the mean wind. The lighter the wind, the poorer the disper-
sion and the greater the pollution build -up. A wind direction directly
from remote pollutant sources to the area in question assures the intro-
duction of those pollutants to that area. With this last consideration,
and with metropolitan Seattle lying to the north of the proposed develop-
ment site, "worst case" wind conditions are defined as northerly winds as
channeled by the Green /Duwamish River valley complex, at a speed of two
miles per hour (Figure 2).
16
6.2 BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS
With channeled northerly flow, the singular (i.e., in addition to
the general residential area sources) pollutant sources which will
contribute to the total "background" pollution level at the proposed
development site are as marked by the hatched areas in Figure 5. These
sources include the Southcenter Shopping area complex, the segment of
1 -5 from about the Foster to the Tukwila interchanges, and the segment
of 1 -405 directly north of the site. Using the Hanna (1971) area source
diffusion model for both the general residential and the Southcenter
shopping complex concentration estimates, and the (Beaton, et.al., 1972)
line source models for the estimates of the contributions 1 -5 and 1 -405,
the total predicted "background" CO concentration budget is as given•in
Table V.
TABLE V
1975 BACKGROUND CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION BUDGET1
Contributing
Source
Residential
Southcenter2
1 -53
I -4054
Southcenter Parkway
TOTAL
CO Concentration
0.4 ppm
0.6 ppm
6.4 ppm
1.0 ppm
0.3 PPm
8.4 ppm
1 One -hour "worst case" meteorological conditions
2 Peak vehicle evolution = 1000 VPH
3 Peak traffic load = 7040 VPH
4 Peak traffic load = 5720 VPH
The "worst case" stability and wind conditions specified above,
along with peak traffic and shopping center activity, fortuitously
occurred during the data collection period between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm,
December 21. It was during this time period that the maximum CO con-
centration value of 8.5 ppm was observed at the proposed site. This
value is in remarkable agreement with the predicted value given in
Table V.
17
Southcenter
/
Figure 5
Singular Contributors (hatched areas) to Background Concentrations
at Lincoln Center South No. 2
(Green River Valley terrain contours are also shown)
18
For "worst case" eight hour stability and wind conditions the
maximum carbon monoxide concentration is predicted to be 6.2 ppm. Data
collected by the PSAPCA at McMicken Heights indicate a maximum observed
eight hour average concentration of 4 ppm. Data collected on site is
showed a maximum eight hour average concentration of 4.7 ppm.
Table V shows that pollutant contributions from adjacent roadways
will be minimal. Since worst case conditions occur under northerly
winds, pollutants from vehicles on South 180th will have no impact on
the development.
6.3 DEVELOPMENT CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS
The CO emissions from the proposed development will add to the
predicted background CO concentrations. Representing the development
as an area source 310 x 310 meters, and assuming 40 vehicle evolutions
per hour (at the emission rates shown in Table IV) on the property
throughout the working day in 1975, the predicted (Hanna's model) CO
concentration contribution from the development to the background is
about 0.8 ppm. This estimate is again for the one hour, "worst case"
conditions, viz., F stability with a wind speed of 2 mph. The total
one-hour "worst case" CO Concentration would thus be approximately
9 PPm•
For D stability and three mile an hour wind speed the eight hour
"worst case" carbon monoxide concentrations created by vehicles on the
site is about 0.5 ppm in 1975.
6.4 COMPARISON WITH ALLOWABLE STANDARDS
The ambient air quality standards for Washington State are given
in Table VI. The predicted one -hour, "worst case" CO concentrations of
9.7 ppm (less than 10 percent of which will be attributable to the
proposed development) is well below the allowable one-hour standard
of 35 ppm. The one -hour predicted value is based on peak 1 -5 and
1 -405 traffic load. Assuming the peak hourly traffic volume is valid
for two hours at the beginning and end of the working day, and reducing
the 1 -5 and 1 -405 contributions to the CO background concentration
budget (Table V) according to the ratio of the average -to -peak traffic
loads for the remaining six hours, the eight -hour average, "worst
case" CO concentration level is predicted at 6.7 ppm. Again, the
19
TABLE VI
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS - WASHINGTON STATE
ppm
1
STANDARDS2
(pg m -3)
EMERGENCY EPISODE CRITERIA3
Alert Warning Emergency
Suspended
Particulate
(6o)
Annual geo.mean
(150)
24-hr ay.
(375) (625) (875)
24 -hr ay. 24 -hr ay. 24 -hr ay.
Sulfur
Dioxide
0.02 (60) 0.3 (800) 0.6 (1600) 0.8 (2100)
Annual arith mean 24 -hr ay. 24 -hr ay. 24 -hr ay.
0.1 (260)
24 -hr ay.
0.4 (1060)
1 -hr ay.
Carbon
Monoxide
9 (10,000)
8 -hr ay.
35 (40,000)
1 -hr ay.
15 (17,000) 30 (34,000) 40 (46,000)
8 -hr ay. 8 -hr ay. 8 -hr ay.
Hydrocarbons4 0.24 (160)
(as Methane) 3-hr ay. 6 -9 a.m.
alb MD
Nitrogen
Dioxide
0.05 (100)
Annual arith mean
0.15 (282)
24 -hr ay.
0.6 (1130)
1 -hr ay.
0.3 (565)
24-hr ay.
1.2 (2260)
1 -hr ay.
0.4 (750)
24 -hr ay.
1.6 (3000)
1 -hr ay.
Photochemical
Oxidants
0.08 (160)
1 -hr ay.
0.2 (400) 0.4 (800) 0.6 (1200)
1-hr ay. 1 -hr ay. 1 -hr ay.
1 Volume to mass conversion factors at 25 °C and 760 mmHg are:
One part per million equals
ug m -3
Sulfur Dioxide 2,620
Carbon Monoxide 1,150
Hydrocarbons (Methane) 655
Nitrogen Dioxide 1,880
Oxidant 1,960
2 All standards which are averaged over 24 hours or less are not to exceed
the average more than once per year..
3 In order to activate the emergency episode plan, the value indicated must
be exceeded and expected to remain that way for more than twelve hours.
4 The hydrocarbon "standard" is a guideline, not a. standard More needs
to be done to establish the background concentrations of methane in the
ambient air. There are no emergency episode standards for hydrocarbons.
20
predicted eight-hour concentration is well below the eight -hour standards.
It can be anticipated, moreover, that with the imposition of federal
emission standards for mobile sources, the predicted CO concentrations
will be reduced by approximately 70 percent by the 1990 design year.
21
7.0 REFERENCES
Beaton, J.L., J.B. Skog, E.C. Shirley, A.J. Ranzieri, "Mathematical'
Approach to Estimating Highway Impact on Air Quality," State of Cali-
fornia, Division of Highways, Publication No. CA- HWY -MR 6570825- 4- 72 -12,
July, 1972.
Census, Bureau of, "1970 Census of Housing -Block Statistics, Seattle -
Everett, WA, Urbanized Area," Publication No. HC(3)-260, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1971.
Ecology, Washington State Department of, "Information Memorandum - Base-
line Carbon Monoxide Estimates, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane," Division of
Technical Services, Olympia, WA, November, 1973.
Environmental Protection Agency, "Compilation of Air. Pollutant Emission
Factors," Publication No. AP -42 (Revised), Research Triangle Park, N.C.,
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Federal Register, "Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures," 36,
12652, July 2, 1971.
Federal Register, "Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation
Plans - Review of Indirect Sources," 38, 29894, October 30, 1973.
Federal Register, "Fuel Regulations - Control of Lead Additives in
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Hanna, S.R., "A Simple Method of Calculating Dispersion from Urban Area
Sources," Jour. Air Poll. Cont. Assn., 21, 774, 1971.
Private Communication, Manson Bennett and Associates, Seattle, WA,
December, 1973.
Private Communication, Air Monitoring Division, Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Agency, Seattle, WA, December, 1973.
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency, "1972 Annual Report," Seattle,
WA, 1973a.
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency, "Air Quality Data Summary -
1972," Air Monitoring Division, Seattle, WA, 1973.
Puget Sound Governmental Conference, "Population and Employment Forecasts
for the Central Puget Sound Region, 1975 - 1990 (1972 Revision)," Seattle,
WA, 1972.
Wendell, R.E., J.E. Norco, K.G. Croke, "Emission Prediction and Control
Strategy: Evaluation of Pollution from Transportation Systems," Jour.
Air Poll. Cont. Assn., 23, 91, 1973.
22