HomeMy WebLinkAboutReg 2011-10-03 Item 6A - Blue Star - Attachment L - Wikipedia Page Regarding PropanePropane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Propane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with propene.
Propane is a three- carbon alkane with the
molecular formula C3118, normally a gas, but
compressible to a transportable liquid. A by-
product of natural gas processing and
petroleum refining, it is commonly used as a
fuel for engines, oxy -gas torches, barbecues,
portable stoves and residential central
heating.
A mixture of propane and butane, used
mainly as vehicle fuel, is commonly known
as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas).
It may also contain small amounts of
propylene and/or butylene. An odorant such
as ethanethiol or thiophene is added so that
people can easily smell the gas in case of a
leak.
Contents
1 History
2 Sources
3 Properties and reactions
3.1 Energy content
3.2 Weight
4 Uses
4.1 Domestic and
industrial fuel
4.2 Refrigeration
4.2.1 In
motor
vehicles
4.3 Motor fuel
4.4 Other
5 Propane risks and alternate
gas fuels
6 Retail cost
6.1 United States
7 See also
8 References
Page 1 of 9
Propane
H H H
1 1 't
H—C—C C H
H H H
P
i
CAS number
PubChem
ChemSpider
IUNII
1 UN number
IKEGG
jChEBI
jChEMBL
IRTECS number
Jmol -3D images
Propane
Other names
n- propane
normal propane
Identifiers
74 -98 -6'
6334
6094'
T75W9911L6'`
1978
D05625
CHEBI:32879'
CBEMBL135416'
TX2275000
Image 1
(http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?
model =CCC)
SMILES
InChI
Molecular formula
Molar mass
Appearance
Density
Melting point
Properties
C3H8
44.1 g mol -1
Colorless gas
2.0098 kg/m gas (0 °C, 1013 mbar)
581.2 kg/m liquid at boiling pointl
-187.7 1][3]
Attachment L
Preferred IUPAC name
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Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
9 External links
Boiling point
1-42.1
History
jSolubility in water 10.04 g/L (0 °C)
Hazards
f
Propane was first identified as a volatile
MSDS ;External MSDS
component in gasoline by Dr. Walter O.
EU classification !Extremely flammable (F
Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in
1910. The volatility of these lighter
R- phrases 'R12
hydrocarbons caused them to be known as
S- phrases S9, S l6
"wild" because of the high vapor pressures
NFPA 704
of unrefined gasoline. On March 31 the New
York Times reported on Dr. Snelling's work
with liquefied gas and that "...a steel bottle
will carry enough [gas] to light an ordinary
home for three weeks." [4]
Flash point 1 -104 °C, 169 K
It was during this time that Dr. Snelling, in
Autoignition 540 °C, 813 K
cooperation with Frank P. Peterson, Chester
temperature
Kerr and Arthur Kerr, created ways to
Explosive limits 12.37 -9.5%
liquefy the LP gases during the refining of
natural gasoline. Together they established
Related compounds
American Gasol Co., the first commercial
Related alkanes `Ethane
marketer of propane. Dr. Snelling had
Butane
produced relatively pure propane by 1911,
Supplementary data page
and on March 25, 1913 his method of
processing and producing LP gases was
Structure and n, s r etc.
issued patent #1,056,845. A separate
properties
method of producing LP gas through
Thermodynamic Phase behaviour
compression was created by Frank Peterson
data Solid, liquid, gas
and patented in 1912.
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
Page 2 of 9
The 1920s saw increased production of LP /''(what is this (verify)
gas, with the first year of recorded Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in
production totaling 223,000 gallons in 1922. their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
In 1927, annual marketed LP gas production
reached one million gallons, and by 1935, Infobox references
the annual sales of LP gas had reached 56
million gallons. Major industry developments in the 1930s included the introduction of railroad tank car
transport, gas odorization and the construction of local bottle filling plants. The year 1945 marked the
first year that annual LP gas sales reached a billion gallons. By 1947, 62% of all U.S. homes had been
equipped with either natural gas or propane for cooking.
In 1950, 1,000 propane fueled buses were ordered by the Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958, sales
in the U.S. had reached 7 billion gallons annually. In 2004 it was reported to be a growing $8- billion to
$10- billion industry with over 15 billion gallons of propane being used annually in the U.S.
The "prop root found in "propane" and names of other compounds with three- carbon chains was
derived from "propionic acid 181
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Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sources
Page 3 of 9
Propane is produced as a by- product of two other processes, natural gas processing and petroleum
refining. The processing of natural gas involves removal of butane, propane and large amounts of ethane
from the raw gas, in order to prevent condensation of these volatiles in natural gas pipelines.
Additionally, oil refineries produce some propane as a by- product of cracking petroleum into gasoline or
heating oil. The supply of propane cannot easily be adjusted to meet increased demand, because of the
by- product nature of propane production. About 90% of U.S. propane is domestically produced.
(citation needed] The United States imports about 10% of the propane consumed each year, with about 70%
of that coming from Canada via pipeline and rail. The remaining 30% of imported propane comes to the
United States from other sources via ocean transport.
After it is produced, North American propane is stored in huge salt caverns located in Fort
Saskatchewan, Alberta; Mont Belvieu, Texas and Conway, Kansas. These salt caverns were hollowed
out in the 1940s, and they can store 80 million or more barrels of propane. When the propane is
needed, most of it is shipped by pipelines to other areas of the Midwest, the North and the South, for use
by customers. Propane is also shipped by barge and railway to selected U.S. areas. [citation needed]
Properties and reactions
Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to other alkanes. In the presence of excess
oxygen, propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide.
C3H8 5 02 CO2 4 H2O heat
propane oxygen carbon dioxide water
When not enough oxygen is present for complete combustion, incomplete combustion occurs when
propane burns and forms water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon.
2C3H8 +702--).2CO2 +2CO +2C +81120 +heat
Propane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon Water
Unlike natural gas, propane is heavier than air (1.5 times as dense). In its raw state, propane sinks and
pools at the floor. Liquid propane will flash to a vapor at atmospheric pressure and appears white due to
moisture condensing from the air.
When properly combusted, propane produces about 50 MJ/kg. The gross heat of combustion of one
normal cubic meter of propane is around 91 megajoules
Propane is nontoxic; however, when abused as an inhalant it poses a mild asphyxiation risk through
oxygen deprivation. Commercial products contain hydrocarbons beyond propane, which may increase
risk. Commonly stored under pressure at room temperature, propane and its mixtures expand and cool
when released and may cause mild frostbite.
Propane combustion is much cleaner than gasoline combustion, though not as clean as natural gas
combustion. The presence of C —C bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and butylene, create
organic exhausts besides carbon dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion. These bonds also
cause propane to burn with a visible flame.
Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 4 of 9
Greenhouse gas emissions factors for propane are 62.7 kg CO2/ mBTU or 1.55 kg of CO2 per liter or
73.7 kg /GJ.1c"a"" needed]
Energy content
The energy density of propane is 46.44 megajoules per kilogram�" (91,690 BTU per US gallon, 2220
kJ /mol, 50.34 kJ /g).
Weight
The density of compressed liquid propane at 25 °C is 0.493 g/cm which is equivalent to 4.11 pounds
per gallon. Thus, compressed liquid propane weighs approximately 4.2 pounds per US liquid gallon, at
60 °F. Propane expands 1.5% per 10 °F.
Uses
The advantage of propane in cars is its liquid state at a moderate
pressure. This allows fast refill times, affordable fuel tank construction,
and ranges comparable to (though still less than) gasoline. Meanwhile it
is noticeably cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in
less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting engine oil
(often extending oil -change intervals), and until recently was a relative
bargain in North America. Octane rating of propane is relatively high at
110. In the United States the propane fueling infrastructure is the most
developed of all alternative vehicle fuels. Many converted vehicles have
provisions for topping off from "barbecue bottles Purpose -built
vehicles are often in commercially owned fleets, and have private fueling
facilities. A further saving for propane fuel vehicle operators, especially
in fleets, is that pilferage is much more difficult than with gasoline or
diesel fuels. It must be noted that LPG in cars does contain a mixture of
butane, where in domestic cylinders it doesn't.
Propane is generally stored and transported in steel cylinders as a liquid with a vapor space above the
liquid. The vapor pressure in the cylinder is a function of temperature. When gaseous propane is drawn
at a high rate, the latent heat of vaporisation required to create the gas will cause the bottle to cool. (This
is why water often condenses on the sides of the bottle and then freezes). In addition, the lightweight,
high -octane compounds vaporize before the heavier, low -octane ones. Thus the ignition properties
change as the tank empties. For these reasons, the liquid is often withdrawn using a dip tube. Propane is
used as fuel in furnaces for heat, in cooking, as a energy source for water heaters, laundry dryers,
barbecues, portable stoves, and motor vehicles. Propane remains a popular choice for barbecues and
portable stoves because its low boiling point of —42 °C (-44 °F) makes it vaporize as soon as it is
released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a
simple metering nozzle suffices. Propane powers some locomotives, buses, forklifts, taxis and ice
resurfacing machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers.
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A 201b propane cylinder.
Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 5 of 9
Commercially available "propane" fuel, or LPG, is not pure. Typically in the USA and Canada, it is
primarily propane (at least 90 with the rest mostly butane and propylene (5% maximum), plus
odorants. This is the HD -5 standard, (Heavy Duty -5% maximum allowable propylene content) written
for internal combustion engines. Not all products labelled "propane" conform to this standard. In
Mexico, for example, the butane content is much higher. [citation needed]
Domestic and industrial fuel
Propane use is growing rapidly in non industrialized areas of the
world. Propane is replacing wood and other traditional fuel
sources in such places, where it is now sometimes called
"cooking gas North American barbecue grills powered by
propane cannot be used overseas. [citation needed] The "propane" sold
overseas is actually a mixture of propane and butane. The
warmer the country, the higher the butane content, commonly
50150 and sometimes reaching 75% butane. Usage is calibrated
to the different -sized nozzles found in non -U.S. grills.
[citation needed] Americans who take their grills overseas such as
military personnel can find U.S.- specification propane at
AAFES military post exchanges.
North American industries using propane include glass makers,
brick kilns, poultry farms and other industries that need portable
heat.
In rural areas of North America, as well as northern Australia
and some parts of soutern India propane is used to heat livestock
facilities, in grain dryers, and other heat producing appliances.
When used for heating or grain drying it is usually stored in a
large, permanently placed cylinder which is recharged by a
propane delivery truck. As of 2000, 6.9 million American
households use propane as their primary heating fuel. [121
pickup truck
In North America, local delivery trucks called "bobtails with an average tank size of 3,000 gallons, fill
up large tanks (sometimes called pigs) that are permanently installed on the property, or other service
trucks exchange empty cylinders of propane with filled cylinders. Large tractor trailer trucks called
"cargo- liners with an average tank size of 10,000 gallons, transport the propane from the pipeline or
refinery to the local delivery plant. The bobtail and transport are not unique to the North American
market, though the practice is not as common elsewhere, and the vehicles are generally referred to as
tankers. In many countries, propane is delivered to consumers via small or medium -sized individual
tanks.
Refrigeration
Propane is also instrumental in providing off -the -grid refrigeration, usually by means of a gas absorption
refrigerator.
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A local delivery truck, behind the
Retail sale of propane in the United
States
L_
Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 6 of 9
Blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (R -290a) (commercial term used to describe isobutane /propane
mixtures) and isobutane (R -600a) have negligible ozone depletion potential and very low Global
Warming Potential (having a value of 3.3 times the GWP of carbon dioxide) and can serve as a
functional replacement for R -12, R -22, R- 134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon
refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems. [131
In motor vehicles
Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the
grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non flammable
refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion. [14][15][16)[17][181[19][20[211
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there
have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with
hydrocarbons. E2211213 One particular demonstration was conducted by a professor at the University of
New South Wales that intentionally tested the result of all the hydrocarbon refrigerant leaking from the
air conditioning system into the passenger compartment of a vehicle and then provided with a source of
ignition. The professor had stated that no fire or other dangerous event would occur. However, an
explosion did in fact result. All four of the car's doors were bent outward, interior materials were burned
and melted, and the professor and several observers in and near the car sustained burns to their face,
ears, and hands, as well as lacerations from flying shards of broken window glass. (243
Motor fuel
Main article: Autogas
Propane is also being used increasingly for vehicle fuels. In the U.S., 190,000 on -road vehicles use
propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power. (citation needed] It is the third most popular vehicle fuel in
America, behind gasoline and diesel. In other parts of the world, propane used in vehicles is known as
autogas. About 13 million vehicles worldwide use autogas.[citation needed]
Propane is also used as fuel for small engines, especially those used indoors or in areas with insufficient
fresh air and ventillation to carry away the toxic exhaust of an engine running on gasoline or diesel.
More recently, there have been lawn care products like string trimmers, lawn mowers and leaf blowers
intended for outdoor use but fueled by propane to reduce air pollution. [citation needed]
Other
Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
Some propane becomes a feedstock for propyl alcohol, a common solvent.
Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.
It is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
Liquid propane is commonly used in theme parks and in the movie industry as an inexpensive,
high energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.
Explosive chemical for bombs.
Propane is commonly used as a propellant for Paintball and Airsoft guns, relying on the
expansion of the gas to fire the projectile.
Propane risks and alternate gas fuels
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Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Propane is heavier than air. If a leak in a propane fuel system occurs, the
gas will have a tendency to sink into any enclosed area and thus poses a
risk of explosion and fire. The typical scenario is a leaking cylinder
stored in a basement; the propane leak drifts across the floor to the pilot
light on the furnace or water heater, and results in an explosion or fire.
This property makes the use of propane generally unsuitable as a fuel for
boats.
Page 7 of 9
Propane is bought and stored in a liquid form (LPG), and thus fuel
energy can be stored in a relatively small space. Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG), largely methane, is another gas used as fuel, but it cannot be
liquefied by compression at normal temperatures, as these are well above
its critical temperature. It therefore requires very high pressure to be
stored as a liquid, which poses the hazard that, in an accident, just as
with any compressed gas tank (such as a CO2 tank used for a soda A municipal propane tank in
concession) a CNG tank may burst with great force, or leak rapidly the US
enough to become a self propelled missile. Therefore, CNG is much less
efficient to store, due to the large tank volume required. Another form of
storing natural gas is as a low temperature liquid in insulated containers as Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG). This form of storage is at low pressure and is around 3.5 times as efficient as storing it as CNG.
Unlike propane, if a spill occurs LNG will evaporate and dissipate harmlessly because it is lighter than
air. Propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas because the equipment
required costs less. Propane requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at
37.8 °C (100 °F).
Retail cost
United States
As of November 2009, the retail cost of propane was approximately US$2.20 per gallon, or roughly $24
per 1 million BTUs. [261
See also
2006 Falk Corporation explosion
2008 Toronto explosions
Blau gas
National Propane Gas Association
Isopropynol
Propynol
References
1. Q b Record of Propane http: gestis- en.itrust.de /nxt/gateway.dll?
f =id$t= default .htm$vid gestiseng:sdbeng$id 010020) in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA
2. Propane (http://www.aegpl.eu/Content/Default.asp?PagelD=9), European LPG association
3. a b Propane http: /webbook. nist .gov /cgi/cbook.cgi ?ID= C74986 &Units =SI &Mask =4 #Thermo Phase)
Chemistry WebBook, National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 8 of 9
4. "GAS PLANT IN STEEL BOTTLE.; Dr. Snelling's Process Gives Month's Supply in Liquid
Form." (http: query.nytimes.com /gst/abstract.html?
res= 9C04E3DB1F31E233A25752COA9629C946396D6CF) The New York Times: p. 9. April 1, 1912.
http: query. nytimes. com /gst/abstract.html ?res= 9C04E3DB lF3lE233A25752COA9629C946396D6CF.
Retrieved 2007- 12 -22.
5. National Propane Gas Association. "The History of Propane" http: /www.npga.org /i4a/pages /index.cfm?
pageid =634) http:// www .npga.org /i4a/pages /index.cfm ?pageid =634. Retrieved 2007- 12 -22.
6. "npga.org" (http: www. npga .org /i4a/pages /index.cfm ?pageid =634) npga.org.
http: /www.npga .org /i4a/pages /index.cfm ?pageid =634. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
7. Propane Education and Research Council. "Fact Sheet The History of
Propane" (http: /www.propanecouncil. org newsroom /fact- sheetsDetail.cfv ?id =5)
http: /www.propanecouncil. org newsroom /fact_sheetsDetail.cfv ?id =5. Retrieved 2007- 12 -22.
8. "Online Etymology Dictionary entry for propane" http /www.etymonline.com /index.ph ?term= propane)
Etymonline.com. hUp: www .etymonline.com /index.ph ?term= propane. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
9. Argonne National Laborator (1999). "Salt Cavern Information
Center" (http: web. ead. anl. gov /saltcavems /uses/hcstorage /index.htm)
http: /web.ead.anl. gov /saltcavems /uses/hcstorage /index.htm. Retrieved 2007- 12 -22.
10. Ulf Bossel: Well -to -Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle
http /www.efcf.com/reports/EIO.pdf) Proceedings of Fuel Cell Forum 2003
11. "Energy Density of Propane" http: //hypertextbook .com/facts /2002/EricLeung.shtml)
Hypertextbook.com. 2001- 01 -18. http: //hypertextbook. com/facts /2002/EricLeung.shtml. Retrieved 2010 -10-
29.
12. U. S. Census Bureau, U.S. Departments of Energy and Transportation statistics (2000). "General U.S.
Industry Statistics and Characteristics of Propane" (http: /www.npga .org /i4a/pages /index.cfm ?pageid =633)
http: /www.npga .org /i4a/pages /index.cfm ?pageid =633. Retrieved 2007- 09 -06.
13. "European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary
applications" (http: /ec.europa.eu/ environment ozone /pdf/hcfc_ technical- meeting_summary.pdf) (PDF).
http: /ec.europa.eu/ environment ozone pdf/ hcfc _technical_meeting_summaU.pdf. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
14. "U.S. EPA hydrocarbon- refrigerants FAQ" (http: /www.epa.gov/ ozone snap /refrigerants/hcl2aing.html)
Epa.gov. http: /www.epa.gov/ ozone /snap /refrigerants/hcl2aing.html. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
15. Compendium of hydrocarbon- refrigerant policy statements, October 2006
(http: /www.vasa. org. au /pdf /memberlibrary/ hydrocarbons /hc- white_paper.pdf)
16. "MACS bulletin: hydrocarbon refrigerant usage in
vehicles" (http: www. autoacforum .com /MACS/HCwaming.pdf) (PDF).
http: www. autoacforum.com /MACS/HCwaming.pdf. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
17. "Society of Automotive Engineers hydrocarbon refrigerant
bulletin" (http://www.sae.org/news/releases/05hydrocarbon-Waming.htm). Sae.org. 2005- 04 -27.
http: /www. sae.org/ news releases /05hydrocarbon- waming.htm. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
18. "Shade Tree Mechanic on hydrocarbon
refrigerants" (http: www. shadetreemechanic. com/ cc_hydrocarbon_refrigerants.htm)
Shadetreemechanic.com. 2005- 04 -27. http: www. shadetreemechanic.com/ cc_hydrocarbon_refrigerants.htm.
Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
19. "Saskatchewan Labour bulletin on hydrocarbon refrigerants in
vehicles" (http: www. labour. gov. sk. ca /Default.aspx ?DN= 2fb5ac24 -d90e- 4408- bf40- 559793bd8e96)
Labour.gov.sk.ca. 2010- 06 -29. http:/ /www. labour. gov. sk. ca /Default.aspx ?DN= 2fb5ac24 -d90e- 4408 -bf40-
559793bd8e96. Retrieved 2010- 10 -29.
20. VASA on refrigerant legality advisability
(http: /www.vasa. org. au content /refriggas /index.php#B ookmark %202)
21. "Queensland (Australia) government warning on hydrocarbon
refrigerants" (http: /www.energy.gld. gov. au zone_ files petroleum _pdf /safety_alert025.pdf)
Energy.gld.gov.au. http: www .energy.qld.gov.au /zone_files/ petroleum _pdf /safety- alert025.pdL Retrieved
2010- 10 -29.
22. "New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 16 October
1997" (http: /www.parliament.nsw. gov. au prod parlment /HansArt.nsfN3KeyILA19971016015)
Parliament.nsw. gov.au. 1997- 10 -16.
http: /www.parliament.nsw. gov. au prod parlment /HansArt.nsfN3Key/LA19971016015. Retrieved 2010 -10-
29.
bttn :Hen.wikinedia.orn /wiki/Pronane 09/20/2011
Propane Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 9 of 9
23. "New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 29 June
2000" http /www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/ prod parlment/ hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20000629051)
Parliament.nsw.gov.au.
http: /www. parliament. nsw. gov. au prod parlment /hansart.nsfN3Key/LC20000629051. Retrieved 2010 -10-
29.
24. VASA news report on hydrocarbon refrigerant demonstrations
(http://dI.dropbox.com/u/34081443/maclaine-cross.pdf)
25. 'Propane Vapor Pressure" http /www.engineeringtoolbox.com /propane- vapor pressure- d_1020.html)
The Engineering ToolBox. 2005. http /www.engineeringtoolbox.com /propane- vapor pressure- d_1020.html.
Retrieved 2008- 07 -28.
26. US Energy Information Administration (November 7, 2009). "Heating Oil and Propane
Update" http: tonto. eia. doe.gov /oog /info/hopu/hopu.asp) http: /tonto. eia. doe.gov /oog /info/hopu/hopu.asp.
External links
Propane Education Research Council (U.S.) (http: /www.propanecouncil.org)
World LP Gas Association (WLPGA) (http: /www.worldlpgas.com)
International Chemical Safety Card 0319
(http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics03l9.htm)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (http: /www.cdc .gov /niosh/npg /npgdO524.html)
National Propane Gas Association (U.S.) (http: www .npga.org /i4a/pages /index.cfm?
pageid =l)
European Chemicals Bureau (http: /ecb.jrc.it/)
UKLPG: Propane and Butane in the UK (http: /www.uklpg.org)
Propane Properties Explained (http: /www.propanel0l.com /aboutpropane.htm) Descriptive
Breakdown of Propane Characteristics
Canadian Propane Association (http: /www.propane.ca)
Retrieved from http: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"
Categories: Alkanes I Aerosol propellants I Refrigerants I Fuel gas
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