HomeMy WebLinkAboutTIS 2023-03-20 Item 2A - Ordinance - Compost Procurement
Transportation and Infrastructure Services Committee
TO:
Hari Ponnekanti, Public Works Director/City Engineer
FROM:
Griffin Lerner, Public Works Analyst
BY:
Mayor Allan Ekberg
CC:
March 17, 2023
DATE:
Compost Procurement Ordinance
SUBJECT:
ISSUE
Approve the Compost Procurement Ordinance amending Chapter 6.10 of the Tukwila Municipal
Code in accordance with the requirements set forth in Chapter 43.19A of the RCW.
BACKGROUND
In 2022, the Washington State Legislature passed House Bill(HB)1799, intended to achieve a
75% reduction of food and yard waste in landfills by 2030 statewide. As a part of the bill, cities
that have populationsover 25,000 or provide curbside compost collection services must adopt
compost procurement legislation facilitating the purchase of composted material for use in city
projects. The attached Ordinance, drafted by the City Attorney, addressesthese requirements,
and is based on language developed by the King County Solid Waste Division.
DISCUSSION
The proposed Ordinance states that the City shall purchase finished compost products for which
compost is an appropriate material in City projects or on City land. City staff across departments
are collaborating on the most effective use cases of compost products on City projects.
Such projects could potentially include:
Landscaping projects in the Cityright-of-way
Construction and postconstruction soil amendments on CIP projects
Application of compost to prevent erosion, filter stormwater runoff, promote vegetation
growth, or improve the stability and longevity of roadways
Use of low-impact development and green infrastructure to filter pollutants or keep water
on-site, or both.
The City is also required to develop strategies to inform the public about the value of compost
and how compost is used in government operations.This will be a key component of the new
Solid Waste contract and contractually required outreach included by the full-time Waste Zero
Specialist Recology will provide.
HB1799 also includes a requirement for cities to report to the Department of Ecology on even-
numbered years, beginning December 31, 2024. The format of the report is yet to be fully
determined.
FINANCIAL IMPACT
None at this time.TheCity shall determine whether it is economically feasible to use compost in
a public projecton a project-by-project basis.
RECOMMENDATION
The Council is being asked to approve the ordinanceand consider this item at theMarch 27,
2023Committee of the Whole meeting and subsequent April 3, 2023RegularConsentMeeting.
ATTACHMENTS:
Ordinance Establishing Compost Regulations
Washington House Bill 1799
1
DRAFT
ANORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
TUKWILA, WASHINGTON,ESTABLISHING A NEW
CHAPTER 6.10OF THE TUKWILA MUNICIPAL CODE (TMC)
TO ADOPT A
CITY POLICY FOR THE PROCUREMENT OF COMPOST AS
REQUIRED BY CHAPTER 43.19A RCW; PROVIDING FOR
SEVERABILITY; AND ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE
DATE.
WHEREAS,
in 2022, the Washington State Legislature passed House Bill 1799, which
included a requirement that cities and counties adopt a policy for the procurement of
compost as required by Chapter 43.19A RCW; and
WHEREAS
,as more organic materials are diverted and recycled, it is critical that the
compost manufactured be procured by local jurisdictions and others in order to support
the economic viability of these processes and programs;and
WHEREAS
,it is well established that compost production and use provide significant
environmental
WHEREAS
,the City Council desires to adopt new requirements to divert organic
material from its regional landfill and support end markets for those products because this
is an essential part of reducing waste; and
WHEREAS
,the City Council hereby finds that the Tukwila Municipal Code
amendments set forth herein are in the best interest of the public health, safety and
welfare;
NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF TUKWILA,
WASHINGTON, HEREBY ORDAINS AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. Adoption of Findingsof Fact.
The City Council hereby adopts the
foregoing recitals and incorporates them herein as support for these amendments.
CC:\\Legislative Development\\Establishing CompostRegulations 1-24-23
Page 1of 4
GL:AY
Review and analysis by Andy Youn
2
Section 2.Chapter 6.10of the Tukwila Municipal Code Established.
A chapter of
Chapter 6.10, is hereby established to read as follows:
CHAPTER 6.10
COMPOST PROCUREMENT
Sections:
6.10.010Intent and Purpose
6.10.020Definitions
6.10.030General Policy
6.10.040Local Purchasing
6.10.050Planning
6.10.060Education
6.10.070Reporting
Section 3.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.010 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.010Intent and Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to establish regulations regarding the procurement of
compost.
Section 4.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.020 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.020Definitions
compost p
defined in RCW 70A.205.015(3). Finished compost products include, but are not limited
to, 100% finished compost,or blends that include compost as a primary ingredient. Mulch
is considered a finished compost product if it contains a minimum of 60%composted
material. Bark is not afinishedcompost product.
Section 5.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.030 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.030General Policy
The City shall purchase finished compost products for which compost is an
appropriate material in City projects or on City land.
Section 6.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.040 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.040Local Purchasing
CC:\\Legislative Development\\Establishing CompostRegulations 1-24-23
Page 2of 4
GL:AY
Review and analysis by Andy Youn
3
The City shallpurchase finished compost products from companies producing
compost locally, that are certified by a nationally recognized organization, such as the
United StatesComposting Council, and that produce finished compost products derived
from municipal solid waste compost programs while meeting quality standards adopted
by the Department of Transportation or adopted by rule by the Department of Ecology.
Section 7.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.050 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.050Planning
A.In order to meet the general policy set forth in TMC Section 6.10.030, the City
shall plan forthe use ofcompostin the following categories:
1.Landscaping projects;
2.Construction and postconstruction soil amendments;
3.Applications to prevent erosion, filter stormwater runoff, promote vegetative
growth, or improve the stability and longevity of roadways; and
4.Low-impact development of green infrastructure to filter pollutants to keep
water onsite or both.
B.This plan will be re-assessed by December 31, 2024, and each December 31st
of even-numbered years thereafter as part of its reporting obligationsper TMC Section
6.10.070.
Section 8.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.060 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.060Education
The City shall conduct educational outreach to inform residents about the value of
compost and how the Cityuses compost in its operations each year.
Section 9.Regulations Established.
A new TMC Section 6.10.070 is hereby
established to read as follows:
6.10.070Reporting
By December 31, 2024, and each December 31st of even-numbered years
thereafter, the City shall report the following information to the Department of Ecology:
1.The total tons of organic material diverted each year;
2.The volume and cost of composted material purchased each year; and
CC:\\Legislative Development\\Establishing CompostRegulations 1-24-23
Page 3of 4
GL:AY
Review and analysis by Andy Youn
4
3.The source(s) of the finished compost product purchased.
Section 10. Corrections by City Clerk or Code ReviserAuthorized.
Upon
approval of the City Attorney, the City Clerk and the code reviser are authorized to make
necessary corrections to this ordinance, including the correction of errors;
references to other local, state or federal laws, codes, rules, or regulations; or ordinance
numbering and section/subsection numbering.
Section 11. Severability
. If any section, subsection, paragraph, sentence, clause or
phrase of this ordinance or its application to any person or situation should be held to be
invalid or unconstitutional for any reason by a court of competent jurisdiction, such
invalidity or unconstitutionality shall not affect the validity or constitutionality of the
remaining portions of this ordinance or its application to any other person or situation.
Section12. Effective Date
. This ordinance or a summary thereof shall be published
in the official newspaper of the City, and shall take effect and be in full force five days
after passage and publication as provided by law.
PASSED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF TUKWILA, WASHINGTON, at
aRegular Meeting thereof this _______ day of _________________, 2023.
ATTEST/AUTHENTICATED:
Christy O'Flaherty, MMC, City ClerkAllan Ekberg, Mayor
APPROVED AS TO FORM BY:Filed with the City Clerk:
Passed by the City Council:
Published:
Effective Date:
Ordinance Number:
Office of theCity Attorney
CC:\\Legislative Development\\Establishing CompostRegulations 1-24-23
Page 4of 4
GL:AY
Review and analysis by Andy Youn
5
CJMM
Xbtijohupo!Tubuf!
Ipvtf!pg!Sfqsftfoubujwft!
BOBMZTJT
Pggjdf!pg!Qsphsbn!Sftfbsdi
Fowjsponfou!'!Fofshz!Dpnnjuuff
IC!28::
Csjfg!Eftdsjqujpo;
!Dpodfsojoh!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou/
Tqpotpst;
Sfqsftfoubujwft!Gju{hjccpo-!Cfssz-!Evfss-!Sjddfmmj!boe!Ibssjt.Ubmmfz/
Csjfg!Tvnnbsz!pg!Cjmm
Ftubcmjtift!tubuf!hpbmt!sfmbufe!up!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou-!boe!
sfrvjsft!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout(!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbot!up!jefoujgz!b!wpmvnfusjd!
dbqbdjuz!gps!nbobhjoh!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!jo!b!nboofs!dpotjtufou!xjui!
tubuf!hpbmt/¡
Sfrvjsft!dfsubjo!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!up!qspwjef!tpvsdf.tfqbsbufe!pshbojd!
nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft-!boe!sfrvjsft!dfsubjo!cvtjofttft!up!bssbohf!
gps!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!tfswjdft/¡
Bnfoet!djwjm!boe!dsjnjobm!mjbcjmjuz!tuboebset!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!epobujpo!
pg!gppe/
Dsfbuft!uif!Xbtijohupo!Dfoufs!gps!Tvtubjobcmf!Gppe!Nbobhfnfou!xjuijo!
uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Fdpmphz/
Ftubcmjtift!ps!fyqboet!gvoejoh!qsphsbnt!bqqmjdbcmf!up!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
nbobhfnfou/
Sfrvjsft!dpvouz!boe!djuz!efwfmpqnfou!sfhvmbujpot!up!bmmpx!gps!uif!tjujoh!
pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft!dpotjtufou!xjui!mpdbm!tpmje!
xbtuf!qmbot!boe!up!uif!fyufou!ofdfttbsz!up!bdijfwf!tubuf!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
nbobhfnfou!hpbmt/
Sfrvjsft!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!up!qmbo!gps!qspdvsfnfou!pg!gjojtife!dpnqptu!
nbufsjbmt/
Bnfoet!tuboebset!sfmbufe!up!uif!mbcfmjoh!pg!qmbtujd!boe!dpnqptubcmf!
qspevdut-!boe!qspijcjut!uif!tbmf!ps!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!qmbtujd!qspevdf!tujdlfst!
Uijt!bobmztjt!xbt!qsfqbsfe!cz!opo.qbsujtbo!mfhjtmbujwf!tubgg!gps!uif!vtf!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!
nfncfst!jo!uifjs!efmjcfsbujpot/!Uijt!bobmztjt!jt!opu!qbsu!pg!uif!mfhjtmbujpo!ops!epft!ju!
dpotujuvuf!b!tubufnfou!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!joufou/
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.2!.IC!28::
6
uibu!ep!opu!nffu!dfsubjo!dpnqptujoh!ufdiojdbm!tuboebset/¡
Ifbsjoh!Ebuf;
2031033
Tubgg;
Kbdpc!Mjqtpo!)897.82:7*/
Cbdlhspvoe;
Tpmje!Xbtuf-!Pshbojd!Nbufsjbmt-!boe!Gppe!Xbtuf!Nbobhfnfou/
Voefs!uif!tubuf(t!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!mbxt-!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!bsf!uif!qsjnbsz!hpwfsonfou!
foujuz!sftqpotjcmf!gps!jnqmfnfoujoh!tubuf!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!sfrvjsfnfout/¡!Uif!
Efqbsunfou!pg!Fdpmphz!)Fdpmphz*!bmtp!ibt!dfsubjo!spmft!jo!pwfstffjoh!uif!benjojtusbujpo!pg!tpmje!
xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!mbxt/¡!Fdpmphz!jt!sftqpotjcmf!gps!xpsljoh!dppqfsbujwfmz!xjui!mpdbm!
hpwfsonfout!bt!uifz!efwfmpq!uifjs!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!qmbot/¡!Fdpmphz!bmtp!fwbmvbuft-!
bobmz{ft-!boe!npojupst!uif!tubuf(t!tpmje!xbtuf!tusfbn-!boe!efwfmpqt!b!tubufxjef!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!
uibu-!jo!qbsu-!beesfttft!pshbojd!nbufsjbm!xbtuft/
Dpvouz!boe!djuz!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!qmbot!bsf!sfrvjsfe!up!dpoubjo!dfsubjo!fmfnfout-!
jodmvejoh!b!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!boe!sfdzdmjoh!fmfnfou/¡!Uijt!fmfnfou!nvtu!jodmvef!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!
tusbufhjft-!sfdzdmjoh!tusbufhjft-!boe!tpvsdf!tfqbsbujpo!tusbufhjft/
Tjodf!312:-!Xbtijohupo!ibt!ibe!bo!ftubcmjtife!hpbm!up!sfevdf!uif!boovbm!hfofsbujpo!pg!gppe!
xbtuf!cz!61!qfsdfou!cz!3141/¡!B!tvctfu!pg!uif!hpbm!jodmveft!b!qsfwfoujpo!hpbm!sfmbufe!up!fejcmf!
gppe!xbtuf/¡!Jo!psefs!up!bdijfwf!uif!3141!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!hpbm-!Fdpmphz-!xpsljoh!xjui!puifs!
tubuf!bhfodjft-!bepqufe!uif!Vtf!Gppe!Xfmm!Xbtijohupo!qmbo!jo!Efdfncfs!3132/¡!Uif!Vtf!Gppe!
Xfmm!Xbtijohupo!qmbo!dpoubjot!41!gfefsbm!boe!tubuf!qpmjdz!sfdpnnfoebujpot-!jodmvejoh!
sfdpnnfoebujpot;
up!dsfbuf!b!Xbtijohupo!Dfoufs!gps!Tvtubjobcmf!Gppe!Nbobhfnfou!xjui!dfsubjo!evujft<¡
sfmbufe!up!uif!mjbcjmjuz!qspufdujpot!gps!qfstpot!uibu!epobuf!gppe<
gps!gvoejoh!ps!gjobodjbm!jodfoujwft!gps!dfsubjo!bdujwjujft!tvqqpsujwf!pg!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!
hpbmt<!boe
gps!dibohft!up!ebub!nbobhfnfou-!qvcmjd!pvusfbdi-!dppsejobujpo-!boe!ofx!qsphsbnnbujd!
bdujwjujft!up!cf!jnqmfnfoufe!cz!b!wbsjfuz!pg!qvcmjd!foujujft/
¡
Xbtijohupo(t!Hppe!Tbnbsjubo!Gppe!Epobujpo!Bdu
/
Voefs!Xbtijohupo(t!Hppe!Tbnbsjubo!Gppe!Epobujpo!Bdu-!qfstpot!bsf!opu!tvckfdu!up!djwjm!ps!
dsjnjobm!mjbcjmjuz!bsjtjoh!gspn!uif!obuvsf-!bhf-!qbdlbhjoh-!ps!dpoejujpo!pg!bqqbsfoumz!xipmftpnf!
gppe!ps!bo!bqqbsfoumz!gju!hspdfsz!qspevdu!epobufe!jo!hppe!gbjui!up!b!opoqspgju!pshboj{bujpo!gps!
ejtusjcvujpo!up!offez!joejwjevbmt/¡!Uijt!fydfqujpo!gspn!djwjm!ps!dsjnjobm!mjbcjmjuz!epft!opu!bqqmz!
up!jokvsz!ps!efbui!pg!b!vtfs!ps!sfdjqjfou!pg!b!epobujpo!sftvmujoh!gspn!hsptt!ofhmjhfodf!ps!
joufoujpobm!njtdpoevdu!pg!uif!epops/¡!Jg!tpnf!ps!bmm!pg!epobufe!gppe!boe!hspdfsz!qspevdut!ep!opu!
nffu!bmm!rvbmjuz!boe!mbcfmjoh!tuboebset!jnqptfe!cz!gfefsbm-!tubuf-!ps!mpdbm!mbxt!boe!sfhvmbujpot-!
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.3!.IC!28::
7
uif!epobups!pg!gppe!jt!opu!tvckfdu!up!djwjm!ps!dsjnjobm!mjbcjmjuz!pomz!jg!uif!opoqspgju!pshboj{bujpo!
uibu!sfdfjwft!uif!epobufe!gppe!ps!hspdfsz!qspevdut!jt!jogpsnfe!cz!uif!epops!pg!uif!dpoejujpo!pg!
uif!epobufe!gppe!ps!hspdfsz!qspevdut-!bhsfft!up!sfdpoejujpo!uif!gppe!up!dpnqmz!xjui!rvbmjuz!boe!
mbcfmjoh!tuboebset-!boe!jt!lopxmfehfbcmf!pg!uif!tuboebset!up!qspqfsmz!sfdpoejujpo!uif!epobufe!
gppe!ps!hspdfsz!qspevdu/
Mpdbm!Hpwfsonfou!Efwfmpqnfou!Sfhvmbujpot/¡
Uif!Hspxui!Nbobhfnfou!Bdu!)HNB*!jt!uif!dpnqsfifotjwf!mboe.vtf!qmboojoh!gsbnfxpsl!gps!
dpvoujft!boe!djujft!jo!Xbtijohupo/!Uif!HNB!ftubcmjtift!mboe.vtf!eftjhobujpo!boe!fowjsponfoubm!
qspufdujpo!sfrvjsfnfout!gps!bmm!Xbtijohupo!dpvoujft!boe!djujft-!boe!ftubcmjtift!b!tjhojgjdboumz!
xjefs!bssbz!pg!qmboojoh!evujft!gps!3:!dpvoujft-!boe!uif!djujft!xjuijo!uiptf!dpvoujft-!uibu!bsf!
pcmjhbufe!up!tbujtgz!bmm!qmboojoh!sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!HNB/
Uif!HNB!ejsfdut!kvsjtejdujpot!uibu!gvmmz!qmbo!voefs!uif!HNB!)qmboojoh!kvsjtejdujpot*!up!bepqu!
joufsobmmz!dpotjtufou!dpnqsfifotjwf!mboe.vtf!qmbot!uibu!bsf!hfofsbmj{fe-!dppsejobufe!mboe.vtf!
qpmjdz!tubufnfout!pg!uif!hpwfsojoh!cpez/¡!Dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbot!bsf!jnqmfnfoufe!uispvhi!mpdbmmz!
bepqufe!efwfmpqnfou!sfhvmbujpot-!cpui!pg!xijdi!bsf!tvckfdu!up!sfwjfx!boe!sfwjtjpo!sfrvjsfnfout!
qsftdsjcfe!jo!uif!HNB/
¡
Djujft!boe!dpvoujft!uibu!bsf!opu!tvckfdu!up!uif!HNB!nbz!bepqu!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbot-!{pojoh!
psejobodft-!boe!puifs!pggjdjbm!dpouspmt!voefs!uif!tubuf(t!pqujpobm!qmboojoh!fobcmjoh!tubuvuft/
¡
Dpnqptu!Qspdvsfnfou!Sfrvjsfnfout/¡
Tjodf!3131-!tubuf!bhfodjft!boe!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!ibwf!cffo!sfrvjsfe!up!dpotjefs!xifuifs!
dpnqptu!qspevdut!dbo!cf!vtfe!jo!hpwfsonfou.gvoefe!qspkfdut!xifo!qmboojoh!ps!tpmjdjujoh!boe!
sfwjfxjoh!cjet!gps!hpwfsonfou.gvoefe!qspkfdut/¡!Jg!dpnqptu!qspevdut!dbo!cf!vujmj{fe!jo!uif!
qspkfdu-!uif!bhfodz!ps!mpdbm!hpwfsonfou!nvtu!ep!tp-!fydfqu!jg;
dpnqptu!qspevdut!bsf!opu!bwbjmbcmf!xjuijo!b!sfbtpobcmf!bnpvou!pg!ujnf<¡
dpnqptu!qspevdut!uibu!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!ep!opu!nffu!fyjtujoh!qvsdibtjoh!tuboebset!ps!gfefsbm!ps!
tubuf!ifbmui!boe!tbgfuz!tuboebset<!ps¡
dpnqptu!qvsdibtf!qsjdft!bsf!opu!sfbtpobcmf!ps!dpnqfujujwf/
¡
Jo!3131-!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!ejsfdufe!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Bhsjdvmuvsf!)Bhsjdvmuvsf*!up!dsfbuf!b!4.zfbs!
dpnqptu!sfjncvstfnfou!qsphsbn!gps!dfsubjo!gbsnjoh!pqfsbujpot(!fyqfotft!sfmbufe!up!qvsdibtjoh!
boe!vtjoh!dpnqptu!qspevdut/¡!Uijt!uisff.zfbs!sfjncvstfnfou!qsphsbn!xbt!wfupfe!cz!Hpwfsops!
Jotmff/
¡
Hfofsbmmz-!qvsdibtft!pg!ps!dpousbdut!gps!hppet!boe!tfswjdft!nvtu!cf!cbtfe!po!b!dpnqfujujwf!
tpmjdjubujpo!qspdftt-!vomftt!b!tqfdjgjd!fyfnqujpo!bqqmjft/¡!Xifo!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!bsf!sfrvjsfe!
up!nblf!qvsdibtft!gspn!uif!mpxftu!cjeefs!ps!gspn!uif!tvqqmjfs!pggfsjoh!uif!mpxftu!qsjdf-!uifz!
nbz!ublf!joup!dpotjefsbujpo!uby!sfwfovf!uifz!xpvme!sfdfjwf!gspn!qvsdibtjoh!tvqqmjft-!nbufsjbmt-!
ps!frvjqnfou!gspn!b!tvqqmjfs!mpdbufe!xjuijo!uifjs!kvsjtejdujpo/¡!Mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!nbz-!
ipxfwfs-!bmmpx!gps!qsfgfsfoujbm!qvsdibtf!pg!qspevdut!nbef!gspn!sfdzdmfe!nbufsjbmt!ps!qspevdut!
uibu!nbz!cf!sfdzdmfe!ps!sfvtfe/
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.4!.IC!28::
8
Qspevdu!Efhsbebcjmjuz!Mbcfmjoh!Sfrvjsfnfout/¡
Qspevdut!uibu!bsf!mbcfmfe!bt!dpnqptubcmf!boe!tpme-!pggfsfe!gps!tbmf-!ps!ejtusjcvufe!gps!vtf!jo!
Xbtijohupo!cz!b!nbovgbduvsfs!ps!tvqqmjfs-!nvtu;
fjuifs!cf!dpnqsjtfe!pg!pomz!xppe!ps!gjcfs.cbtfe!tvctusbuf-!ps!nvtu!nffu!uif!Bnfsjdbo!
Tpdjfuz!pg!Uftujoh!boe!Nbufsjbmt!)BTUN*!tuboebset!gps!qspevdut!eftjhofe!up!cf!dpnqptufe!
jo!nvojdjqbm!ps!joevtusjbm!gbdjmjujft!uibu!bsf!nbef!pg!qmbtujd!ps!uibu!jodpsqpsbuf!qmbtujd!
dpbujoht!poup!qbqfs!ps!bopuifs!tvctusbuf<
nffu!Gfefsbm!Usbef!Dpnnjttjpo!)GUD*!hsffo!hvjef!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout<!boe
gfbuvsf!mbcfmjoh!uibu!vtft!b!mphp!joejdbujoh!uibu!uif!qspevdu!ibt!cffo!uijse.qbsuz!dfsujgjfe!bt!
nffujoh!BTUN!tuboebse!tqfdjgjdbujpo-!ejtqmbzt!uif!xpse!#dpnqptubcmf#-!boe!nffut!
joevtusz!tuboebset!gps!cfjoh!ejtujohvjtibcmf!vqpo!rvjdl!jotqfdujpo/¡!Dpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!
nvtu!cf!dpotjefsfe!dpnqmjbou!jg!uifz!ibwf!hsffo!ps!cspxo!mbcfmjoh-!bsf!mbcfmfe!bt!
dpnqptubcmf-!boe!vtf!puifs!ejtujohvjtijoh!dpmpst!ps!nbslt/
¡
Nbovgbduvsfst!ps!tvqqmjfst!pg!gjmn!cbht!uibu!nffu!BTUN!dpnqptujoh!tuboebset!gps!qmbtujdt!boe!
uibu!bsf!ejtusjcvufe!ps!tpme!cz!sfubjmfst!nvtu!fotvsf!uibu!uif!cbh!jt!sfbejmz!boe!fbtjmz!jefoujgjbcmf!
jo!b!nboofs!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!GUD!hsffo!hvjeft/¡!Sfbejmz!boe!fbtjmz!jefoujgjbcmf!gjmn!cbht!
nvtu!cf!pg!b!vojgpsn!hsffo!ps!cspxo!dpmps!ps!nffu!dfsubjo!puifs!tqfdjgjfe!sfrvjsfnfout!
sfhbsejoh!uif!tj{f-!mpdbujpo!boe!dpmps!pg!uif!xpse!#dpnqptubcmf#!po!uif!cbh/¡!Gjmn!cbht!uibu!nffu!
BTUN!dpnqptujoh!tuboebset!nbz!opu!ejtqmbz!sfdzdmjoh!tzncpmt-!tvdi!bt!uif!#dibtjoh!bsspx#!
tzncpm/¡!Up!uif!fyufou!uibu!gjmn!cbh!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!dpogmjdu!xjui!uif!GUD!hvjeft-!
nbovgbduvsfst!ps!tvqqmjfst!bsf!opu!sfrvjsfe!up!dpnqmz/
Nbovgbduvsfst!ps!tvqqmjfst!pg!gppe!tfswjdf!qspevdut!boe!gjmn!qspevdut-!puifs!uibo!gjmn!cbht-!uibu!
nffu!BTUN!dpnqptujoh!tuboebset!gps!qmbtujdt!ps!qmbtujd.dpbufe!tvctusbuft!nvtu!fotvsf!uibu!uif!
jufnt!bsf!sfbejmz!boe!fbtjmz!jefoujgjbcmf/¡!Sfbejmz!boe!fbtjmz!jefoujgjbcmf!gjmn!xsbq!boe!gppe!
tfswjdf!qspevdut!nvtu!cf!mbcfmfe!xjui!b!mphp!joejdbujoh!uif!qspevdu!ibt!nfu!BTUN!tuboebset-!
boe!mbcfmfe!xjui!uif!xpse!#dpnqptubcmf-#!xifsf!qpttjcmf/¡!Dpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!nvtu!cf!
dpotjefsfe!dpnqmjbou!jg!uifz!ibwf!hsffo!ps!cspxo!mbcfmjoh-!bsf!mbcfmfe!bt!dpnqptubcmf-!boe!vtf!
puifs!ejtujohvjtijoh!dpmpst!ps!nbslt/¡!Tqfdjgjfe!beejujpobm!dibsbdufsjtujdt-!tvdi!bt!dpmps!boe!
hsbqijd!fmfnfout-!bsf!fodpvsbhfe!gps!dpnqptubcmf!gjmn!xsbq!boe!gppe!qbdlbhjoh!boe!gppe!
tfswjdf!xbsf/!Up!uif!fyufou!uibu!uiftf!qspevdu!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!dpogmjdu!xjui!uif!GUD!
hvjeft-!nbovgbduvsfst!ps!tvqqmjfst!bsf!opu!sfrvjsfe!up!dpnqmz/
¡
Gppe!tfswjdf!qspevdut!boe!gjmn!qspevdut-!jodmvejoh!gjmn!cbht-!uibu!ep!opu!nffu!BTUN!tuboebset!
bsf;¡
qspijcjufe!gspn!vtjoh!ujoujoh-!mbcfmjoh!boe!ufsnt!uibu!bsf!sfrvjsfe!pg!qspevdut!uibu!nffu!
BTUN!tuboebset<
ejtdpvsbhfe!gspn!vtjoh!dpmpsbujpo-!mbcfmjoh-!jnbhft-!boe!ufsnt!uibu!dpogvtf!dvtupnfst!joup!
njtublfomz!jefoujgzjoh!opodpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!bt!dpnqptubcmf<!boe¡
fodpvsbhfe!up!vtf!jefoujgzjoh!gfbuvsft!uibu!joejdbuf!xifuifs!b!qspevdu!jt!sfdzdmbcmf!ps!nvtu!
cf!ejtqptfe!pg!bt!xbtuf/
¡
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.5!.IC!28::
9
Nbovgbduvsfst!boe!tvqqmjfst-!vqpo!sfrvftu!cz!b!qfstpo-!nvtu!qspwjef!opo.dpogjefoujbm!cvtjoftt!
jogpsnbujpo!efnpotusbujoh!uifjs!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!mbcfmjoh!boe!nbslfujoh!sfrvjsfnfout/
Uif!tvqqmjfst!tvckfdu!up!qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!ep!opu!jodmvef!foujujft!uibu!
tfmm!qspevdut!up!foe!vtfst!bt!b!sfubjmfs/
Uif!Buupsofz!Hfofsbm-!djujft-!boe!dpvoujft!ibwf!dpodvssfou!bvuipsjuz!up!fogpsdf!mbcfmjoh!boe!
nbslfujoh!sfrvjsfnfout/¡!Wjpmbujpot!pddvs!vqpo!uif!tbmf!pg!b!opodpnqmjbou!qspevdu!cz!
tupdllffqjoh!ovncfs!ps!vojrvf!jufn!ovncfs-!cvu!sfqfbufe!tbmft!pg!uif!tbnf!qspevdu!dpotujuvuf!b!
tjohmf!wjpmbujpo/¡!Qsjps!up!bttfttjoh!b!wjpmbujpo-!b!djuz-!dpvouz-!ps!uif!tubuf-!po!cfibmg!pg!uif!
Buupsofz!Hfofsbm-!nvtu!tfoe!xsjuufo!opujdf!up!b!nbovgbduvsfs!ps!tvqqmjfs!pg!bo!bmmfhfe!wjpmbujpo-!
qspwjejoh!:1!ebzt!up!dpnf!joup!dpnqmjbodf/¡!Djwjm!qfobmujft!pg!vq!up!%2-111!bsf!bvuipsj{fe!gps!bo!
jojujbm!wjpmbujpo-!gpmmpxfe!cz!%6-111!gps!b!tfdpoe!wjpmbujpo-!boe!%21-111!gps!b!uijse!wjpmbujpo/¡!
Tfdpoe-!uijse-!boe!tvctfrvfou!qfobmujft!nbz!cf!jnqptfe!gps!fbdi!npoui!pg!opodpnqmjbodf/¡!
Qfobmuz!bnpvout!bsf!sfevdfe!cz!uif!bnpvou!pg!boz!qfobmuz!qbje!gps!uif!tbnf!wjpmbujpo!up!b!
ejggfsfou!fogpsdjoh!hpwfsonfou!foujuz/¡!Qfobmujft!dpmmfdufe!cz!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!bsf!sfubjofe!cz!
uif!mpdbm!hpwfsonfou!pggjdf!uibu!cspvhiu!uif!bdujpo-!xijmf!tubuf!dpmmfdufe!qfobmujft!bsf!efqptjufe!
joup!b!sfwpmwjoh!bddpvou!uibu!jt!dsfbufe!gps!vtf!cz!uif!Buupsofz!Hfofsbm!jo!csjohjoh!fogpsdfnfou!
bdujpot/¡!Qfobmujft!dpmmfdufe!cz!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!bsf!sfubjofe!cz!uif!mpdbm!hpwfsonfou!pggjdf!
uibu!cspvhiu!uif!bdujpo-!xijmf!tubuf!dpmmfdufe!qfobmujft!bsf!efqptjufe!joup!uif!Dpnqptubcmf!
Qspevdut!Sfwpmwjoh!Bddpvou!vtfe!cz!uif!Buupsofz!Hfofsbm!jo!csjohjoh!fogpsdfnfou!bdujpot/
Puifs/
Jo!3131-!uif!Xbtijohupo!Tubuf!Dpotfswbujpo!Dpnnjttjpo!)Dpnnjttjpo*!xbt!ejsfdufe!up!efwfmpq!
b!Tvtubjobcmf!Gbsnt!boe!Gjfmet!Hsbou!Qsphsbn!jo!dpotvmubujpo!xjui!puifs!tqfdjgjfe!hpwfsonfou!
foujujft/¡!Uif!Dpnnjttjpo!jt!sfrvjsfe!up!efwfmpq!boe!bqqspwf!b!qsjpsjuj{bujpo!nfusjd!up!hvjef!uif!
ejtusjcvujpo!pg!gvoet!bqqspqsjbufe!cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!gps!uijt!qvsqptf-!xjui!uif!hpbm!pg!qspevdjoh!
dptu.fggfdujwf!dbscpo!ejpyjef!frvjwbmfou!jnqbdu!cfofgjut/¡!Bmmpxbcmf!vtft!pg!hsbou!gvoet!gspn!uif!
Tvtubjobcmf!Gbsnt!boe!Gjfmet!Hsbou!Qsphsbn!jodmvef!epxo!qbznfout!po!frvjqnfou-!qvsdibtft!pg!
frvjqnfou-!boe!tfswjdft!up!mboepxofst/
Uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!Cpbse!nbz!nblf!mpx.joufsftu!mpbot!ps!hsbout!gspn!uif!Qvcmjd!Xpslt!
Bttjtubodf!Bddpvou!)QXBB*!up!gjobodf!uif!bdrvjtjujpo-!dpotusvdujpo-!sfqbjs-!sfqmbdfnfou-!ps!
jnqspwfnfou!pg!dfsubjo!mpdbm!qvcmjd!xpslt!qspkfdut-!xijdi!jodmvef!csjehft-!tusffut-!boe!spbet<!
xbufs!tztufnt<!tupsn!boe!tbojubsz!tfxbhf!tztufnt<!boe!tpmje!xbtuf!gbdjmjujft-!jodmvejoh!sfdzdmjoh!
gbdjmjujft/¡!Vq!up!21!qfsdfou!pg!uif!QXBB!dbqjubm!cvehfu!bqqspqsjbujpo!nbz!cf!qspwjefe!gps!
hsbout/¡!Mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!boe!tqfdjbm!qvsqptf!ejtusjdut-!fydfqu!qpsu!boe!tdippm!ejtusjdut-!bsf!
fmjhjcmf!up!bqqmz!gps!mpbot!gspn!uif!QXBB/
Uif!Tubuf!Fowjsponfoubm!Qpmjdz!Bdu!)TFQB*!ftubcmjtift!b!sfwjfx!qspdftt!gps!tubuf!boe!mpdbm!
hpwfsonfout!up!jefoujgz!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut!uibu!nbz!sftvmu!gspn!hpwfsonfoubm!efdjtjpot-!
tvdi!bt!uif!jttvbodf!pg!qfsnjut!ps!uif!bepqujpo!pg!mboe!vtf!qmbot/¡!Uif!TFQB!fowjsponfoubm!
sfwjfx!qspdftt!jowpmwft!b!qspkfdu!qspqpofou!ps!uif!mfbe!bhfodz!dpnqmfujoh!bo!fowjsponfoubm!
difdlmjtu!up!jefoujgz!boe!fwbmvbuf!qspcbcmf!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdut/¡!Jg!bo!jojujbm!sfwjfx!pg!uif!
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.6!.IC!28::
10
difdlmjtu!boe!tvqqpsujoh!epdvnfout!sftvmut!jo!b!efufsnjobujpo!uibu!uif!hpwfsonfou!efdjtjpo!ibt!b!
qspcbcmf!tjhojgjdbou!bewfstf!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!)uisftipme!efufsnjobujpo*-!uif!qspqptbm!nvtu!
voefshp!b!npsf!dpnqsfifotjwf!fowjsponfoubm!bobmztjt!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!bo!fowjsponfoubm!jnqbdu!
tubufnfou!)FJT*/¡
Uif!Qpmmvujpo!Dpouspm!Ifbsjoht!Cpbse!)QDIC*!jt!bo!bqqfbmt!cpbse!xjui!kvsjtejdujpo!up!ifbs!
bqqfbmt!pg!dfsubjo!efdjtjpot-!psefst-!boe!qfobmujft!jttvfe!cz!Fdpmphz!boe!tfwfsbm!puifs!tubuf!
bhfodjft/¡!Qbsujft!bhhsjfwfe!cz!b!QDIC!efdjtjpo!nbz!pcubjo!tvctfrvfou!kvejdjbm!sfwjfx/¡!
Qfobmujft!bqqfbmbcmf!up!uif!QDIC!nvtu!hfofsbmmz!cf!jnqptfe!gpmmpxjoh!tuboebse!hfofsbm!
qspupdpmt-!jodmvejoh!uibu!uif!qfobmuz!nvtu!cf!bddpnqbojfe!cz!b!opujdf!jo!xsjujoh!eftdsjcjoh!uif!
wjpmbujpo-!boe!tqfdjgzjoh!xifo!uif!qfobmuz!nvtu!cf!bqqfbmfe!ps!fmtf!cfdpnft!evf!boe!qbzbcmf/¡!
Xjui!tpnf!fydfqujpot-!qfobmujft!uibu!bsf!bqqfbmbcmf!up!uif!QDIC!bsf!dsfejufe!up!uif!tubuf!hfofsbm!
gvoe/
Bhsjdvmuvsf!jt!sfrvjsfe!up!nbjoubjo!bo!jogpsnbujpo!boe!sfgfssbm!tfswjdf!gps!qfstpot!boe!
pshboj{bujpot!uibu!xbou!up!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!gppe!epobujpo!qsphsbnt/¡
Tvnnbsz!pg!Cjmm;
Tubuf!Pshbojd!Nbufsjbmt!Nbobhfnfou!Hpbmt/
Hpbmt!bsf!ftubcmjtife!gps!pshbojd!nbufsjbm!nbobhfnfou!)tubuf!pshbojdt!hpbmt*-!jodmvejoh!b!hpbm!
gps!uif!mboegjmm!ejtqptbm!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!bu!b!mfwfm!jo!3141!uibu!jt!86!qfsdfou!mftt!uibo!jo!
3126-!boe!b!hpbm!uibu!bu!mfbtu!31!qfsdfou!pg!uif!wpmvnf!pg!fejcmf!gppe!ejtqptfe!pg!bt!pg!3126!cf!
sfdpwfsfe!gps!ivnbo!dpotvnqujpo!cz!3136/!Uif!tubuf!pshbojdt!hpbmt!bsf!jo!beejujpo!up!uif!gppe!
xbtuf!sfevdujpo!hpbmt!ftubcmjtife!jo!312:/
¡
Pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!bsf!tqfdjgjfe!up!jodmvef!nbovsf-!zbse!xbtuf-!gppe!xbtuf-!gppe!qspdfttjoh!
xbtuft-!xppe!xbtuft-!boe!hbsefo!xbtuf/
¡
Pshbojd!Nbufsjbmt!Nbobhfnfou!Sfrvjsfnfout!gps!Cvtjofttft/¡
Cfhjoojoh!Kvmz!2-!3136-!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Fdpmphz!)Fdpmphz*!nvtu!efufsnjof!xijdi!dpvoujft!
boe!djujft!qsfqbsjoh!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbot!qspwjef!gps!cvtjofttft!up!cf!tfswjdfe!cz!qspwjefst!uibu!
dpmmfdu!gppe!xbtuf!boe!pshbojd!xbtuf!gps!efmjwfsz!up!tpmje!xbtuf!gbdjmjujft!uibu!qspwjef!gps!
dpnqptujoh-!bobfspcjd!ejhftujpo-!wfsnjdvmuvsf-!cmbdl!tpmjefs!gmz-!ps!tjnjmbs!ufdiopmphjft!up!
nbobhf!uiptf!dpmmfdufe!pshbojd!xbtuft!)pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou*/¡!Fdpmphz!nvtu!
efufsnjof!uibu!pshbojdt!nbufsjbm!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdf!sfrvjsfnfout!bqqmz!up!dfsubjo!cvtjofttft!
xjuijo!b!mpdbm!kvsjtejdujpo!vomftt!Fdpmphz!efufsnjoft!uibu!cvtjofttft!jo!tpnf!ps!bmm!qpsujpot!pg!
uif!dpvouz!ibwf!op!bwbjmbcmf!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft!uibu!efmjwfs!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
gps!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou-!ps!uifsf!jt!op!bwbjmbcmf!dbqbdjuz!bu!tpmje!xbtuf!gbdjmjujft!up!
xijdi!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!dpvme!gfbtjcmz!boe!fdpopnjdbmmz!cf!efmjwfsfe/
Jo!kvsjtejdujpot!ps!qpsujpot!pg!kvsjtejdujpot!tvckfdu!up!uiftf!pshbojd!nbufsjbm!dpmmfdujpo!boe!
nbobhfnfou!sfrvjsfnfout-!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!bqqmz;¡
cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3135-!up!cvtjofttft!uibu!hfofsbuf!bu!mfbtu!fjhiu!dvcjd!zbset!pg!pshbojd!
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.7!.IC!28::
11
xbtuf!qfs!xffl<
cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3136-!up!cvtjofttft!uibu!hfofsbuf!bu!mfbtu!gpvs!dvcjd!zbset!pg!pshbojd!
xbtuf!qfs!xffl<!boe
cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3137-!up!cvtjofttft!uibu!hfofsbuf!bu!mfbtu!gpvs!dvcjd!zbset!pg!tpmje!
xbtuf!qfs!xffl/¡!Ipxfwfs-!Fdpmphz!nbz!efufsnjof!cz!svmf!uibu!beejujpobm!sfevdujpot!jo!
uif!mboegjmmjoh!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!xpvme!cf!npsf!fggfdujwfmz!bdijfwfe!bu!sfbtpobcmf!dptu!
up!cvtjofttft!cz!ftubcmjtijoh!b!ejggfsfou!wpmvnfusjd!uisftipme!uibo!gpvs!dvcjd!zbset!qfs!
xffl!pg!tpmje!xbtuf/
¡
Xbtuf!wpmvnft!bsf!nfbtvsfe!cz!dpvoujoh!pomz!xbtuft!uibu!bsf!opu!nbobhfe!po.tjuf!cz!b!
cvtjoftt/¡!Cvtjofttft!nbz!tbujtgz!uif!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!sfrvjsfnfout!cz!tpvsdf.
tfqbsbujoh!pshbojd!xbtuf!gspn!puifs!xbtuf!boe!tvctdsjcjoh!up!bo!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!boe!
nbobhfnfou!tfswjdf-!ps!nbobhjoh!pshbojd!xbtuf!po.tjuf!ps!tfmg.ibvmjoh!pshbojd!xbtuf!gps!
pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou/¡!Cvtjofttft!tvckfdu!up!uiftf!sfrvjsfnfout!uibu!bssbohf!gps!
hbsefojoh!ps!mboetdbqjoh!tfswjdft!nvtu!sfrvjsf!uispvhi!dpousbdut!ps!xpsl!bhsffnfout!uibu!xbtuft!
hfofsbufe!cz!uiptf!tfswjdft!sfdfjwf!rvbmjgzjoh!uzqft!pg!pshbojdt!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou/
¡
Mpdbm!Hpwfsonfou!Pshbojd!Nbufsjbm!Dpmmfdujpo!boe!Nbobhfnfou!Sfrvjsfnfout/¡
Cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3138-!fbdi!dpvouz!ps!djuz!uibu!jnqmfnfout!b!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!nvtu!
qspwjef!pshbojd!tpmje!xbtuf!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft!up!bmm!sftjefout!boe!cvtjofttft!uibu!hfofsbuf!bu!
mfbtu!ibmg!pg!b!dvcjd!zbse!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt-!boe!nvtu!qspwjef!gps!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
nbobhfnfou!pg!dpmmfdufe!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt/¡!Djujft!boe!dpvoujft!nbz!dibshf!boe!dpmmfdu!gfft!ps!
sbuft!gps!uiftf!tfswjdft-!dpotjtufou!xjui!fyjtujoh!bvuipsjuz!up!jnqptf!gfft!boe!sbuft!gps!tpmje!xbtuf!
dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft/¡!Uif!pshbojd!nbufsjbm!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdf!boe!nbobhfnfou!sfrvjsfnfout!ep!
opu!bqqmz;
jo!dpvoujft!boe!djujft!jnqmfnfoujoh!b!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!uibu!ibwf!b!qpqvmbujpo!pg!mftt!uibo!
36-111<
jo!dpvoujft!boe!djujft!jnqmfnfoujoh!b!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!uibu!ejtqptfe!pg!mftt!uibo!6-111!upot!
pg!tpmje!xbtuf!jo!uif!nptu!sfdfou!zfbs!tvdi!ebub!xfsf!bwbjmbcmf<¡
jo!qpsujpot!pg!b!djuz!ps!dpvouz!jnqmfnfoujoh!b!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!uibu!ibwf!b!qpqvmbujpo!
efotjuz!pg!mftt!uibo!86!qfpqmf!qfs!trvbsf!njmf!boe!bsf!mpdbufe!jo!bo!vojodpsqpsbufe!qpsujpo!
pg!b!dpvouz<!ps
jo!dpvoujft!boe!djujft!jnqmfnfoujoh!b!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!uibu!sfdfjwf!b!xbjwfs!gspn!Fdpmphz!
bqqmjdbcmf!up!bmm!ps!qbsu!pg!b!kvsjtejdujpo/¡!Xbjwfst!nbz!cf!jttvfe!gps!vq!up!gjwf!zfbst!boe!
cbtfe!po!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!ejtubodf!up!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft-!uif!
dbqbdjuz!bu!mpdbm!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft!up!nbobhf!beejujpobm!nbufsjbmt-!
boe!qftu!dpouspm!sftusjdujpot!ftubcmjtife!cz!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Bhsjdvmuvsf!)Bhsjdvmuvsf*/¡!
Fdpmphz!nbz!bepqu!svmft!up!ftubcmjti!uif!xbjwfs!qspdftt!boe!dsjufsjb/¡
¡
Fdpmphz!nbz!bepqu!b!svmf!cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3141-!uibu!bqqmjft!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!
tfswjdf!boe!nbobhfnfou!sfrvjsfnfout!up!kvsjtejdujpot!fyfnqufe!gspn!sfrvjsfnfout!po!uif!cbtjt!
pg!qpqvmbujpo!efotjuz!ps!bo!Fdpmphz.jttvfe!xbjwfs-!cvu!pomz!jg!Fdpmphz!efufsnjoft!uibu!uif!tubuf!
pshbojdt!hpbmt!gps!uif!ejtqptbm!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbm!jo!mboegjmmt!gps!3141!ibwf!opu!ps!xjmm!opu!cf!
bdijfwfe/!Xifo!ofxmz!efwfmpqjoh-!vqebujoh-!ps!bnfoejoh!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!qmbot!
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.8!.IC!28::
12
bgufs!Kvmz!2-!3133-!fbdi!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo!nvtu!dpotjefs!uif!usbotjujpo!up!qspwjejoh!pshbojd!
nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft!up!dfsubjo!sftjefout!boe!cvtjofttft!jo!3138/¡!Uif!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!
qmbo!nvtu!jefoujgz;
qsjpsjuz!bsfbt!xjuijo!uif!kvsjtejdujpo!gps!uif!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft/¡!Qsjpsjuz!bsfbt!nvtu!cf!jo!joevtusjbm!{poft!boe!nbz!opu!mpdbufe!jo!
pwfscvsefofe!dpnnvojujft!jefoujgjfe!cz!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!voefs!tubuf!
fowjsponfoubm!kvtujdf!mbxt!fobdufe!jo!3132<!boe
uif!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!wpmvnfusjd!dbqbdjuz!sfrvjsfe!up!nbobhf!uif!
kvsjtejdujpo(t!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!jo!b!nboofs!dpotjtufou!xjui!tubuf!pshbojdt!hpbmt/¡
¡
Xifo!ofxmz!efwfmpqjoh-!vqebujoh-!ps!bnfoejoh!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!nbobhfnfou!qmbot!bgufs!
Kbovbsz!2-!3138-!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbot!nvtu!cf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfou!up!qspwjef!
pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!dpmmfdujpo!tfswjdft!up!dfsubjo!sftjefout!boe!cvtjofttft/
Mpdbm!Efwfmpqnfou!Sfhvmbujpot!boe!Pshbojd!Nbufsjbmt!Nbobhfnfou!Gbdjmjuz!Tjujoh/
Gps!djujft!boe!dpvoujft!qmboojoh!voefs!fjuifs!uif!Hspxui!Nbobhfnfou!Bdu!ps!qmboojoh!fobcmjoh!
tubuvuft-!efwfmpqnfou!sfhvmbujpot!up!jnqmfnfou!dpnqsfifotjwf!qmbot!uibu!bsf!ofxmz!efwfmpqfe-!
vqebufe-!ps!bnfoefe!bgufs!Kbovbsz!2-!3134-!nvtu!bmmpx!gps!uif!tjujoh!pg!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!
nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft!jo!uif!bsfbt!eftjhobufe!jo!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbot!up!uif!fyufou!ofdfttbsz!up!
qspwjef!gps!uif!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!uif!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!wpmvnfusjd!dbqbdjuz!
jefoujgjfe!bt!qbsu!pg!uif!mpdbm!tpmje!xbtuf!qmbo/¡
Mpdbm!Hpwfsonfou!Dpnqptu!Qspdvsfnfou!Sfrvjsfnfout-!Qmbot-!boe!Psejobodft/¡
Cz!Kbovbsz!2-!3134-!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!nvtu!efwfmpq!b!dpnqptu!qspdvsfnfou!qmbo!boe!bepqu!b!
dpnqptu!qspdvsfnfou!psejobodf!up!jnqmfnfou!uif!3131!sfrvjsfnfou!gps!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!up!
dpotjefs!uif!vtf!pg!dpnqptu!qspevdut!jo!qspkfdut!boe!up!vtf!dpnqptu!qspevdut!jo!b!qspkfdu!fydfqu!
xifo!bwbjmbcjmjuz-!ifbmui-!rvbmjuz-!tbgfuz-!ps!qsjdf.dpnqfujujwf!dsjufsjb!bsf!opu!nfu/¡!Mpdbm!
hpwfsonfout!nvtu!hjwf!qsjpsjuz!up!qvsdibtjoh!dpnqptu!qspevdut!uibu!qspevdf!dpnqptu!mpdbmmz-!
bsf!dfsujgjfe!cz!b!obujpobmmz!sfdphoj{fe!pshboj{bujpo-!uibu!qspevdf!qspevdut!efsjwfe!gspn!
nvojdjqbm!tpmje!xbtuf!dpnqptu!qsphsbnt-!boe!uibu!nffu!rvbmjuz!tuboebset/¡!Mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!
nbz!foufs!joup!dpmmfdujwf!qvsdibtjoh!bhsffnfout!jg!dptu.fggfdujwf!ps!fggjdjfou!up!ep!tp/¡!Dpousbdut!
cz!hpwfsonfoubm!vojut!nvtu!sfrvjsf!uif!vtf!pg!dpnqptu!qspevdut!up!uif!nbyjnvn!fyufou!
fdpopnjdbmmz!gfbtjcmf!up!nffu!mpdbm!hpwfsonfou!dpnqptu!vtf!sfrvjsfnfout/¡
Mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!nbz!bmmpx!gps!uif!qsfgfsfoujbm!qvsdibtf!pg!dpnqptu!jo!psefs!up!nffu!uif!
sfrvjsfnfout!gps!mpdbm!hpwfsonfout!up!vtf!dpnqptu!qspevdut!xifsf!qspevdut!bsf!bwbjmbcmf-!
sfbtpobcmz!qsjdfe-!boe!nffu!qvsdibtjoh!boe!tbgfuz!tuboebset/
Djwjm!boe!Dsjnjobm!Mjbcjmjuz!Tuboebset!gps!Gppe!Epobujpot/¡
Uif!djwjm!boe!dsjnjobm!mjbcjmjuz!qspufdujpot!uibu!bqqmz!up!gppe!epobufe!up!opoqspgju!pshboj{bujpot!
bsf!fyqboefe!boe!bnfoefe;¡
up!bqqmz!up!gppe!epobufe!ejsfdumz!up!foe!sfdjqjfout!gps!dpotvnqujpo!cz!b!qfstpo!sfrvjsfe!up!
ibwf!b!gppe!ftubcmjtinfou!qfsnju!voefs!Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!svmft!)jodmvejoh!hspdfsz!
tupsft!boe!sftubvsbout*<¡
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.9!.IC!28::
13
up!bqqmz!up!uif!epobujpo!pg!qfsjtibcmf!gppe!uibu!jt!gju!gps!ivnbo!dpotvnqujpo!cvu!uibu!ibt!
fydffefe!uif!mbcfmfe!tifmg.mjgf!ebuf!sfdpnnfoefe!cz!uif!nbovgbduvsfs-!jg!uif!qfstpo!
epobujoh!uif!gppe!nblft!b!hppe!gbjui!fwbmvbujpo!uibu!uif!gppe!jt!xipmftpnf<
up!bqqmz!up!epobufe!gppe!boe!hspdfsz!qspevdut!uibu!nffu!tbgfuz!boe!tbgfuz.sfmbufe!mbcfmjoh!
tuboebset-!sbuifs!uibo!bmm!rvbmjuz!boe!mbcfmjoh!tuboebset/¡!Tbgfuz!boe!tbgfuz.sfmbufe!mbcfmjoh!
tuboebset!bsf!efgjofe!up!jodmvef!nbsljoht!uibu!dpnnvojdbuf!jogpsnbujpo!up!b!dvtupnfs!
bcpvu!b!qspevdu(t!tbgfuz-!cvu!xijdi!epft!opu!jodmvef!qvmm!ebuft!sfrvjsfe!voefs!tubuf!mbx!ps!
tjnjmbs!qisbtft!joufoefe!up!dpnnvojdbuf!jogpsnbujpo!up!b!dvtupnfs!sfhbsejoh!uif!
gsftioftt!ps!rvbmjuz!pg!b!qspevdu<!boe
up!jodmvef!epobufe!gppe!uibu!jt!tpme!bu!b!sfevdfe!qsjdf!uibu!jt!opu!hsfbufs!uibo!uif!dptu!pg!
iboemjoh-!benjojtufsjoh-!boe!ejtusjcvujoh!uif!qspevdu/¡
¡
Xbtijohupo!Dfoufs!gps!Tvtubjobcmf!Gppe!Nbobhfnfou/¡
Uif!Xbtijohupo!Dfoufs!gps!Tvtubjobcmf!Gppe!Nbobhfnfou!)dfoufs*!jt!ftubcmjtife!jo!Fdpmphz!
xjui!uif!qvsqptf!pg!ifmqjoh!dppsejobuf!tubufxjef!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo/¡!Uif!dfoufs!jt!bvuipsj{fe!
up!qfsgpsn!23!tqfdjgjfe!dbufhpsjft!pg!bdujwjujft-!jodmvejoh;
nfbtvsjoh!qsphsftt!upxbset!tubufxjef!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!boe!gppe!xbtuf!
sfevdujpo!hpbmt<
dppsejobujoh!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!qmbot<
nbjoubjojoh!b!xfctjuf!xjui!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!hvjebodf<
dppsejobujoh!qvcmjd.qsjwbuf!boe!opoqspgju!qbsuofstijqt-!boe!dpmmbcpsbujoh!xjui!gfefsbm-!
tubuf-!boe!mpdbm!hpwfsonfou!qbsuofst<
efwfmpqjoh!nbqt!ps!mjtut!pg!mpdbujpot!pg!gppe!tztufnt!jo!Xbtijohupo<
dpmmfdujoh!boe!nbjoubjojoh!ebub!po!gppe!xbtuf!boe!xbtufe!gppe<¡
ejtusjcvujoh!boe!npojupsjoh!hsbout!sfmbufe!up!gppe!xbtuf!qsfwfoujpo-!sftdvf-!boe!sfdpwfsz<!
boe
efwfmpqjoh!gppe!xbtuf!sfevdujpo!boe!gppe!xbtuf!dpoubnjobujpo!sfevdujpo!dbnqbjhot!boe!
qspnpujpobm!nbufsjbmt!gps!eftusvdujpo/¡
¡
Fdpmphz!nbz!foufs!joup!joufsbhfodz!bhsffnfout!xjui!puifs!tubuf!bhfodjft!up!gvmgjmm!uif!dfoufs(t!
sftqpotjcjmjujft/¡!Fdpmphz!nbz!bepqu!svmft!qfsubjojoh!up!uif!dfoufs/¡!Jo!psefs!up!pcubjo!ebub!up!
tvqqpsu!uif!dfoufs(t!hpbmt-!Fdpmphz!nbz!ftubcmjti!b!wpmvoubsz!sfqpsujoh!qspupdpm!gps!uif!sfdfjqu!pg!
jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!gppe!epobujpot/¡!Fdpmphz!nbz!sfrvftu!uibu!b!epobujoh!cvtjoftt!ps!gppe!
sfdjqjfou!qspwjef!jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!uif!wpmvnf-!uzqft-!boe!ujnjoh!pg!gppe!nbobhfe!cz!uif!
epobujoh!gbdjmjuz/¡!Fdpmphz!nvtu!tffl!up!pcubjo!uijt!jogpsnbujpo!jo!b!nboofs!uibu!jt!dpnqbujcmf!
xjui!boz!tjnjmbs!jogpsnbujpo!sfqpsufe!up!Bhsjdvmuvsf-!boe!Bhsjdvmuvsf!nvtu!dppsejobuf!xjui!
Fdpmphz!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!gppe!epobujpo!jogpsnbujpo!sfdfjqu!qsbdujdft!ju!jnqmfnfout!bsf!
dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!dfoufs(t!qsbdujdft/
¡
Cz!Kbovbsz!2-!3136-!uif!dfoufs!nvtu!sftfbsdi!boe!bepqu!npefm!psejobodft!gps!pqujpobm!vtf!cz!
djujft!boe!dpvoujft/¡!Uif!pqujpobm!npefm!psejobodft!nvtu!qspwjef!npefm!nfdibojtnt!gps!
dpnnfsdjbm!tpmje!xbtuf!dpmmfdujpo!boe!ejtqptbm!uibu!bsf!eftjhofe!up!ftubcmjti!b!gjobodjbm!
ejtjodfoujwf!ps!puifs!ejtjodfoujwft!gps!uif!hfofsbujpo!pg!pshbojd!xbtuf!boe!uif!ejtqptbm!pg!pshbojd!
nbufsjbmt!jo!mboegjmmt/¡!Fdpmphz!nvtu!sfwjfx!uif!npefm!psejobodft!voefs!uif!Tubuf!Fowjsponfoubm!
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.:!.IC!28::
14
Qpmjdz!Bdu!)TFQB*<!b!dpvouz!ps!djuz!uibu!uifo!bepqut!b!npefm!psejobodf!dsfbufe!boe!sfwjfxfe!
voefs!TFQB!cz!uif!dfoufs!jt!opu!sfrvjsfe!up!ep!jut!pxo!TFQB!sfwjfx!pg!uif!psejobodf/
Gvoejoh!Qsphsbnt!gps!Pshbojd!Nbufsjbmt!Nbobhfnfou/
Dpnqptujoh!boe!pshbojd!nbufsjbmt!nbobhfnfou!gbdjmjujft!bsf!fyqmjdjumz!jodmvefe!bnpoh!uif!tpmje!
xbtuf!gbdjmjujft!uibu!nbz!cf!gvoefe!bt!qvcmjd!xpslt!qspkfdut!cz!uif!qvcmjd!xpslt!cpbse!gspn!uif!
qvcmjd!xpslt!bttjtubodf!bddpvou/
Uif!bmmpxbcmf!vtft!pg!hsbou!gvoet!voefs!uif!Tvtubjobcmf!Gbsnt!boe!Gjfmet!Hsbou!Qsphsbn!bsf!
fyqboefe!up!jodmvef!uif!qvsdibtf!pg!dpnqptu!tqsfbejoh!frvjqnfou-!ps!gjobodjbm!bttjtubodf!up!
gbsnfst!up!qvsdibtf!dpnqptu!tqsfbejoh!frvjqnfou-!gps!uif!boovbm!vtf!gps!bu!mfbtu!uisff!zfbst!pg!
wpmvnft!pg!dpnqptu!efufsnjofe!up!cf!tjhojgjdbou!cz!uif!Xbtijohupo!Tubuf!Dpotfswbujpo!
Dpnnjttjpo-!gspn!nbufsjbmt!dpnqptufe!bu!b!tjuf!opu!pxofe!ps!pqfsbufe!cz!uif!gbsnfs/¡
Bhsjdvmuvsf!nvtu!ftubcmjti!b!uisff.zfbs!dpnqptu!sfjncvstfnfou!qjmpu!qsphsbn!)qjmpu!qsphsbn*!gps!
gbsnjoh!pqfsbujpot!jo!Xbtijohupo!gps!uif!qvsdibtf!boe!vtf!pg!dpnqptu!qspevdut!uibu!xfsf!opu!
hfofsbufe!cz!uif!gbsnjoh!pqfsbujpo/¡!Dptut!dpwfsfe!cz!uif!qjmpu!qsphsbn!nvtu!jodmvef!
usbotqpsubujpo-!frvjqnfou-!tqsfbejoh-!boe!mbcps!dptut/¡!Hsbou!sfjncvstfnfout!voefs!uif!qjmpu!
qsphsbn!cfhjo!Kvmz!2-!3134-!boe!dpodmvef!Kvof!41-!3137/¡!Qsjps!up!dbsszjoh!pvu!bdujwjujft!gps!
xijdi!qjmpu!qsphsbn!sfjncvstfnfou!jt!tpvhiu-!gbsnjoh!pqfsbujpot!nvtu!dpnqmfuf!bo!fmjhjcjmjuz!
sfwjfx!xjui!Bhsjdvmuvsf/¡!Bhsjdvmuvsf!nvtu!sfwjfx!qspqptfe!usbotqpsu!boe!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!dpnqptu!
nbufsjbmt!gps!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!tubuf!qftu!dpouspm!svmft/¡!Tpjm!tbnqmjoh!cz!Bhsjdvmuvsf!nvtu!cf!
bmmpxfe!cz!qjmpu!qsphsbn!qbsujdjqbout/¡!Qjmpu!qsphsbn!bqqmjdbout!nbz!opu!tffl!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!
qvsdibtf!ps!mbcps!dptut!gps!jut!pxo!dpnqptu!qspevdut-!gspn!dpnqptu!qspevdut!usbotgfssfe!up!
bopuifs!joejwjevbm!ps!foujuz-!ps!gspn!dpnqptu!qspevdut!uibu!xfsf!opu!qvsdibtfe!gspn!b!gbdjmjuz!
xjui!b!tpmje!xbtuf!iboemjoh!qfsnju/¡!Gbsnjoh!pqfsbujpot!bsf!fmjhjcmf!up!sfdfjwf!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!
vq!up!61!qfsdfou!pg!uifjs!dptut!jodvssfe!fbdi!gjtdbm!zfbs-!jo!bo!bnpvou!vq!up!%21-111!qfs!gjtdbm!
zfbs/¡!Bdujpot!ublfo!cz!Bhsjdvmuvsf!up!jnqmfnfou!uif!qjmpu!qsphsbn!bsf!fyfnqu!gspn!uif!tubuf!
benjojtusbujwf!qspdfevsft!bdu/¡!Bhsjdvmuvsf!nvtu!tvcnju!bo!boovbm!sfqpsu!up!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!fbdi!
zfbs!pg!uif!qjmpu!qsphsbn/¡
Qspevdu!Efhsbebcjmjuz!Mbcfmjoh!Sfrvjsfnfout/¡
Qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!tuboebset!bsf!bnfoefe!up;¡
sfrvjsf!dpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!uibu!nffu!Bnfsjdbo!Tpdjfuz!pg!Uftujoh!boe!Nbufsjbmt!
)BTUN*!tuboebset!up!vtf!hsffo-!cspxo-!ps!cfjhf!mbcfmjoh-!dpmps!tusjqjoh-!ps!puifs!nbslt!
uibu!ifmq!ejggfsfoujbuf!dpnqptubcmf!jufnt!gspn!opo.dpnqptubcmf!nbufsjbmt<
bmmpx!gjmn!cbht!up!cf!ujoufe!cfjhf-!jo!beejujpo!up!hsffo!ps!cspxo<
sfrvjsf!dpnqptubcmf!gppe!tfswjdf!qspevdut!boe!gjmn!qspevdut!up!cf!ujoufe!ps!dpmpsfe!hsffo-!
cfjhf-!ps!cspxo<!boe
qspijcju!gjmn!qspevdut!boe!gppe!tfswjdf!qspevdut!uibu!ep!opu!nffu!BTUN!tqfdjgjdbujpot!
gspn!vtjoh!dpmps!tdifnft!uibu!bsf!sfrvjsfe!pg!dpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!ps!gspn!vtjoh!cspxo-!
cfjhf-!ps!hsffo!dpmpsbujpo-!mbcfmjoh-!jnbhft-!ps!ufsnt!uibu!nbz!cf!sfbtpobcmz!boujdjqbufe-!
jo!Fdpmphz(t!kvehnfou-!up!dpogvtf!dvtupnfst!joup!cfmjfwjoh!opo.dpnqptubcmf!cbht!ps!gppe!
tfswjdf!qspevdut!bsf!dpnqptubcmf/
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.21!.IC!28::
15
Uif!tvqqmjfst!tvckfdu!up!qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!bsf!sf.efgjofe!up!ofxmz!
jodmvef!foujujft!uibu!tfmm!qspevdut!up!foe!vtfst!bt!b!sfubjmfs/¡!Sftqpotjcjmjuz!voefs!uif!mbx!bt!b!
tvqqmjfs!jt!bttjhofe!up!uif!nbovgbduvsfs-!up!uif!qspevdu!csboe!ps!usbefnbsl!mjdfotff-!ps-!jg!uifsf!jt!
opu!b!qspevdu!nbovgbduvsfs!ps!csboe!ps!usbefnbsl!mjdfotff!pwfs!xipn!uif!tubuf!dbo!fyfsdjtf!
kvsjtejdujpo-!up!uif!jnqpsufs!ps!ejtusjcvups!pg!uif!qspevdu!jo!ps!joup!Xbtijohupo/
Tubuf!fogpsdfnfou!sftqpotjcjmjuz!gps!qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!jt!usbotgfssfe!
gspn!uif!Pggjdf!pg!uif!Buupsofz!Hfofsbm!up!Fdpmphz/¡!Fdpmphz!nbz!bepqu!svmft!qfsubjojoh!up!
qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout-!boe!nvtu!cfhjo!fogpsdjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!cz!Kbovbsz!
2-!3135/¡!Fogpsdfnfou!cz!Fdpmphz!boe!djujft!boe!dpvoujft!nvtu!cf!cbtfe!qsjnbsjmz!po!
dpnqmbjout-!boe!Fdpmphz!nvtu!ftubcmjti!b!gpsvn!up!sfdfjwf!dpnqmbjout/¡!Fdpmphz-!jo!dpmmbcpsbujpo!
xjui!djujft!boe!dpvoujft-!nvtu!qspwjef!fevdbujpo!boe!pvusfbdi!up!sfubjm!ftubcmjtinfout-!
dpotvnfst-!boe!tvqqmjfst-!bcpvu!qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!sfrvjsfnfout/
Fdpmphz.jttvfe!qfobmujft!bsf!bqqfbmbcmf!up!uif!Qpmmvujpo!Dpouspm!Ifbsjoht!Cpbse!)QDIC*-!boe!
Fdpmphz.jttvfe!qfobmujft!nvtu!cf!jnqptfe!dpotjtufou!xjui!tuboebse!qspupdpmt!gps!qfobmujft!uibu!
bsf!bqqfbmbcmf!up!uif!QDIC/¡!Uif!dpnqptubcmf!qspevdut!sfwpmwjoh!bddpvou!jt!sfqfbmfe-!boe!tubuf!
qfobmuz!sfdpwfsjft!bsf!dsfejufe!up!uif!tubuf!hfofsbm!gvoe/¡
Qspevdf!Tujdlfst/¡
Cfhjoojoh!Kbovbsz!2-!3135-!b!qfstpo!nbz!opu!tfmm!ps!ejtusjcvuf!jo!ps!joup!Xbtijohupo!qmbtujd!
qspevdf!tujdlfst!ps!qspevdut!xjui!qmbtujd!qspevdf!tujdlfst!vomftt!uif!qspevdut!nffu!BTUN!
tuboebse!E7511!ps!E7979-!bt!uiptf!tuboebset!fyjtufe!bt!pg!Kbovbsz!2-!3133/¡!Uiftf!sftusjdujpot!
ep!opu!bqqmz!up!qspevdf!mbcfmt!nbef!pg!xppe!ps!gjcfs.cbtfe!tvctusbuf/¡!Fdpmphz!nvtu-!vqpo!
sfrvftu-!qspwjef!ufdiojdbm!bttjtubodf!boe!hvjebodf!up!nbovgbduvsfst-!jnqpsufst-!ps!ejtusjcvupst!pg!
qmbtujd!qspevdf!tujdlfst/¡!Wjpmbujpot!pg!uiftf!sfrvjsfnfout!bsf!tvckfdu!up!uif!tbnf!benjojtusbujpo-!
fogpsdfnfou-!boe!qfobmuz!qspwjtjpot!bqqmjdbcmf!up!wjpmbujpot!pg!qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!
sfrvjsfnfout/¡!Dpnqptubcmf!qspevdf!tujdlfst!bsf!opu!sfrvjsfe!up!cf!mbcfmfe!dpotjtufou!xjui!
qspevdu!efhsbebcjmjuz!mbcfmjoh!tuboebset/
¡
Puifs/¡
Bo!joufou!tfdujpo!jt!jodmvefe/
B!tfwfsbcjmjuz!dmbvtf!jt!jodmvefe/¡
Bqqspqsjbujpo;
!Opof/
Gjtdbm!Opuf;
!Sfrvftufe!po!Kbovbsz!23-!3133/
Fggfdujwf!Ebuf;
!Uif!cjmm!ublft!fggfdu!:1!ebzt!bgufs!bekpvsonfou!pg!uif!tfttjpo!jo!xijdi!uif!cjmm!jt!
qbttfe/
Ipvtf!Cjmm!Bobmztjt.22!.IC!28::
16