HomeMy WebLinkAbout2025 - Declaration of Covenant for Inspection and Maintenance of Stormwater Facilities and BMPS - Apple Hospitality Tukwila 7648, LLC - 20250630000310Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: 5319.50 Page -1 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM
Electronically Recorded King County, WA
After Recording Return to:
City Clerk
City of Tukwila
6200 Southcenter Boulevard
Tukwila, WA 98188
DOCUMENT TITLE: Declaration of Covenant for Inspection and Maintenance of
Stormwater Facilities and BM PS
REFERENCE NUMBER(S) OF RELATED
DOCUMENTS:
Additional reference numbers at page 2 of document.
GRANTOR: Apple Hospitality Tukwila 7648, LLC
GRANTEE:
City of Tukwila, a Washington Municipal Corporation
ABBREVIATED LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Lots 2 & 3 of the City of Tukwila short plat NO. 88 -1 -SS
Full legal on page 5 of document.
KING COUNTY TAX PARCEL NUMBER: 2954900460
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -2 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
DECLARATION OF COVENANT FOR INSPECTION AND
MAINTENANCE OF STORMWATER FACILITIES AND BMPS
1. Parties
L l This Covenant for Inspection and Maintenance of Stormwater Facilities and Best Management Practices
("Covenant") is made by and between Apple Hospitality Tukwila 7648, LLC, as successor by conversion of Apple Eight
SPE Tukwila, Inc., as Grantor, and the City of Tukwila, a Washington Municipal Corporation, as Grantee. Grantor and
Grantee (also denoted as City herein) are each a Party and collectively the Parties to this Agreement.
2.1 Grantor applied to City for issuance of PW24-0032 on 9/18/24
2.2 Pursuant to TMC 14.30.060, application for and issuance of such permit requires the property
owner to enter into this Covenant.
2.3 The subject of the Covenant is the real property located in King County, Washington, bearing
King County Tax Parcel No. 2954900460 and legally described in the attached Exhibit A
incorporated herein ("Property").
2.4 The City approved the applications which consist of the following documents, attached and
incorporated herein:
2.4.1 City issued Permit No. PW24-0032 , Exhibit B.
2.42 Stormwater Facility/BMP Site Plan, Exhibit C.
2.4.3 Operations & Maintenance Plan including schedule, Exhibit D.
3. Terms of Agreement
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing recitals and other good and valuable
consideration including approval and issuance of City of Tukwila Permit PW24-0032, the sufficiency
and receipt of which are acknowledged, Grantor hereby irrevocably covenants as follows:
3.1 The foregoing Recitals and references to documents are incorporated as material terms of this
Covenant.
3.2 The Grantor(s) for itself and its successors in interest having any ownership interest in the
Property (collectively Owners) shall at their sole cost and expense retain, uphold, operate, maintain, and repair
the stormwater facilities and best management practices ("BMPs") located on the Property pursuant to the
schedule within the Operations & Maintenance Plan.
3.3 The obligations required under Section 3.2 above shall be taken consistent the following:
3.3.1 The City shall have the right of ingress and egress over those portions of the Property
necessary to perform inspections of the stormwater facilities and BMPs and conduct other activities specified
in this Declaration of Covenant and in accordance with Tukwila Municipal Code ("TMC") 14.30.80. This
right of ingress and egress, rig
provided for in subsection 3.3ht to inspect, and right to perform required maintenance or repair shall be as
.2 below.
City of Tukwila
Stormwater Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -3 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
3.3.2 If the City determines that maintenance or repair work is required to be done to any
of the stormwater facilities or BMPs, the Director of Public Works or designee (the "Director") shall give
notice of the specific maintenance and/or repair work required pursuant to TMC 14.30.080. The Director shall
also set a reasonable time in which such work is to be completed by the Owner. if the above required
maintenance or repair is not completed within the time set by the Director, the City may perform the required
maintenance or repair, and is hereby granted access to the Property for such purposes. Written notice will be
mailed to the Owner stating the City's intention to perform such work. This work will not commence until at
least seven (7) days after such notice is mailed. If, within the sole discretion of the Director, there exists an
imminent or present danger, the seven (7) day notice period will be waived and maintenance and/or repair
work will begin immediately.
3.4 If at any time the City reasonably determines that a stormwater facility or BMP on the
Property presents an imminent hazard, as identified by TMC 14.30.080 and herein incorporated by reference,
the Director or equivalent municipal successor's official may take measures specified therein.
3.5 The Owner shall assume all responsibility for the cost of any maintenance or repair work
completed by the City as described in Covenant. Such responsibility shall include reimbursement to the City
within thirty (30) days of the receipt of the invoice for any such work performed. Overdue payments will
require payment of interest at the current legal rate as liquidated damages. All such costs and expense shall
constitute a lien against the Property.
3.6 The Owners shall obtain a Type C Public Works permit from the City prior to filling, piping,
cutting, or removing vegetation (except in routine landscape maintenance such as replacement of plants and
pretreatment mulch) in open vegetated stormwater facilities (such as swales, channels, ditches, ponds, etc.),
or performing any alterations or modifications to the stormwater facilities and BMPs referenced in this
Covenant. Prior to the final approval and issuance of the new permit, a new Covenant with updated exhibits
reflecting the changes to the stormwater facilities shall be recorded at the Owner's sole cost, and a copy of the
new recorded Declaration of Covenant provided to the City.
3.7 Any notice or consent required to be given or otherwise provided for by the provisions of this
Declaration of Covenant shall be effective upon personal delivery, or three (3) days after mailing by Certified
Mail, return receipt requested, to the address listed below for that party:
To Grantee: To Grantor:
City Clerk Apple Hospitality Tukwila 7648, LLC
City of Tukwila 814 E Main St
6200 Soutlicenter Blvd. Richmond, VA 23219-3306
Tukwila, WA 98188
3.8 With regard to the matters addressed herein, this Covenant constitutes the entire agreement
between the parties, and supersedes all prior discussions, negotiations, and all agreements whatsoever whether
oral or written. This Covenant shall be governed by the laws of the State of Washington. Any suit to enforce
or relating to this Covenant shall only be filed in King County Superior Court, King County, Washington, and
the Parties consent to thejurisdiction thereof. In the event of any legal action by either Party relating to this
Covenant, the Parties shall pay their own costs or fees.
City of Tukwila
Storinwater- Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -4 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
3.9 This Covenant is intended to protect the; value and desirability of the real property described
in Exhibit A, promote the efficient and effective management of stormwater drainage, and shall inure to the
benefit of all the citizens of the City and its municipal successors and assigns. References herein to the TMC
shall include subsequent amendments to such statutes and all successor statutes.
3.10 This Covenant shall run with the land and shall be binding upon the Owners as defined in
Section 3.2 above.
3.11 This Covenant may be amended or terminated only with the advance express written consent
of the City as determined pursuant to its discretion.
E ECuTED; AND EFFECTIVE as of the date last signed below.
FOR GRANTOR:
Apple Hospitals y Tukwile 7618, LLC
Matthew Rash.
Manager
DATE: - Y e ° ao t•
FOR GRANTEE:
City of Tukwila
Public Works Director -
DATE:
NOTARY BLOCKS APPEAR ON FOLLOWING PACE
City of Tukwila
Stormwater Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -5 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
l 6 hila—
STATE
il .
STATI OF � T- N
,� Kj 'Z, C.,4, mahL ss.
-C44UNT-y O G
I certify that I know or have satisfactory° evidence that ftla*y �ask is the person who appeared
before me, and said person acknowledged that s/he signed this instrument on behalfofthe AQQ4rG4 �triE
and acknowledged it to be her/his free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes mentioned in thi i
instrument.
ivi-,N TJN D .tt MY I4AND AND OFFICIAL IAL SEAL this day of L-L-61-
�, 200:P K,
aym w4i)A- iatrl-
dor°crnonwaatth oi virginis Printed Name
�Uota an O vot • Notacy PljbftNo,rARY 1'UBLic in and for the State of Washiffgton,AMY
Commission No� CB residing t
Y mmr ssion Expus J My Commission Expires
STATE. OF WASHINGTON
ss.
COUNTY OF KING
On this day personally appeared before me Vdl 0(1 to me known to be the
of the CITY OF Tt.TKW ,.A, a municipal corporation and noncharter
code city with a council -mayor form of government organized pursuant to BCW Title 35A, that executed the
foregoing instrument, and acknowledged such instrument to be her free and voluntary act and deed of said
city for the uses and purposes therein mentioned, and on oath stated that s/he was duty authorized to execute
such instrument.
Ctvz rr UNDER MY I-TANI) AND OFFICIAL SEAL this � day of
\� n a . 202,E
City of Tukwila
Stormwater ]Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
JMJA
--- - -------- - ---- -1- 1 1
Printed Name
No,rArty FtrLIC in and for the State of Washington,
residing ate
t4t-k&:
My Commission xpires
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -6 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
EXHIBIT A
Legal Description of Property
LOTS 2 AND 3 OF THE CITY OF TUKWILA SHORT PLAT NUMBER 88 -1 -SS, RECORDED UNDER
RECORDING NUMBER 8807210416, SAID SHORT PLAT BEING A SUBDIVISION OF PARCEL 3 OF
CITY OF TUKWILA SHORT PLAT NUMBER 79 -7 -SS, RECORDED UNDER RECORDING NUMBER
7908210370, IN SECTION 24, TOWNSHIP 23 NORTH, RANGE 4 EAST, WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN,
IN KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON;
TOGETHER WITH AN EASEMENT FOR INGRESS AND EGRESS AS DELINEATED ON SAID CITY
OF TUKWILA SHORT PLAN NUMBER 88 -1 -SS.
City of Tukwila
Stormwater Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -7 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
City of Tukwila
Stortu ater• Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -8 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
PUBLIC WORKS CONSTRUCTION PERMIT
Parcel No: 2954900460 Permit Number: PW24-0032
Address: 6955 FORT DENT WAY COMPLEX Issue Date: 9/18/2024
Permit Expires On: 3/17/2025
Project Name: Homewood Suites
Owner:
Name: Apple Hospitality Tukwila 7648 LLC
Address:
814 E Main St, Richmond, WA, 23219
Contact Person:
Name:
Schwin Chaosilapakul PE Phone: (206) 674-4659
Address:
14900 Interurban Ave S 279 , Seattle,
WA, 98168
Contractor:
Name:
T A C C CONST SERVICES INC Phone:
Address:
1115 E CEDAR AVENUE, MONTESANO,
WA, 98563
License No: TCCCOCS855DP Expiration Date: 8/13/2025
DESCRIPTION OF WORK:
The project is to install new roof and footing drainage systems for Building A (West) and the northwest portion of
Building A (South). The new drainage systems will connect to existing drainage systems in two locations as shown
on plan. Removal of existing landscaping around Building A (West) is required for installation of new drainage
systems. Landscaping to be replaced with rock and new planting per Landscape Plan. Removal and replacement of
sidewalk is required is required for installation of new drainage systems.
Fees Collected: $7,746.70
Electrical Service Provided by: Puget Sound Energy Water District: Tukwila Sewer District: Tukwila
Public Works Activities���N����o����
Channelization/Striping:
Curb Cut/Access/Sidewalk:
Fire Loop Hydrant:
Flood Control Zone:
Hauling/Oversize Load:
Land Altering: Volumes: Cut: 310 Fill: 310
Landscape Irrigation:
Sanitary Side Sewer: Number: 0
Sewer Main Extension: PRIVATE
Storm Drainage:
Street Use:
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -9 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
Water Main Extension:
Water Meter: No
All provisions of law and ordinances governing this work will be complied with, whether specified herein or not.
The granting of this permit does not presume to give authority to violate or cancel the provisions of any other
state or local laws regulating construction or the performance of work.
This permit shall become null and void if the work is not commenced within 180 days for the date of issuance, or if
the work is suspended or abandoned for a period of 180 days from the last inspection.
PERMIT CONDITIONS:
1: Schedule mandatory pre -construction meeting with the Public Works Inspector, https://tukw-
egov.aspgov.com/BP/index.htmi. Any questions please call 206-431-3670.
2: The applicant or contractor must notify the Public Works Inspector at https://tukw-
egov.aspgov.com/BP/index.htmi upon commencement and completion of work at least 24 hours in
advance. All inspection requests for utility work must also be made 24 hours in advance. Any questions
please call 206-431-3670.
3: Prior to construction, all utilities in the vicinity shall be field located. NOTE: For City of Tukwila utility
locates, call 811 or 1-800-424-5555.
4: Permit is valid between the weekday hours of 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. only. Coordinate with the Public
Works Inspector for any work after 5:00 p.m. and weekends.
5: No work under this permit during weekend hours without prior approval by Public Works. Coordinate with
the Public Works Inspector.
6: Temporary erosion control measures shall be implemented as the first order of business to prevent
sedimentation off-site or into existing drainage facilities per Appendix D of the 2021 KCSWDM.
7: From May 1 through September 30, inspect and maintain temporary erosion prevention and sediment at
least monthly. All disturbed areas of the site shall be permanently stabilized prior to final construction
approval.
8: It is strongly recommended that storm drainage designs be prepared and stamped by a Washington State
licensed engineer. Otherwise, the owner assumes liability for the design and any subsequent related
damages.
9: Downspouts, driveway, patio and drainage from other impervious areas shall be collected in an on-site
storm drain system. Drains shall be 4" minimum diameter, PVC schedule 40 or corrugated poly ethylene
pipe with a minimum 1% slope for gravity discharge to location approved by the Public Works Department.
Downspouts shall not connect to footing drains. Footing drain and downspouts may share a single
discharge pipe downstream of the lowest footing drain.
10: Install yard drain(s) and perforated pipe along the driveway, as necessary to prevent on-site ponding of
storm water runoff.
11: The property owner is responsible for the maintenance of its storm drainage system and, for this purpose,
shall have a maintenance plan in place and the responsibility for maintenance assigned prior to Public
Works final.
12: From October 1 through April 30, cover any slopes and stockpiles that are 3H:1V or steeper and have a
vertical rise of 10 feet or more and will be unworked for greater than 12 hours. During this time period,
cover or mulch other disturbed areas, if they will be unworked more than 2 days. Covered material must be
stockpiled on site at the beginning of this period. Inspect and maintain this stabilization weekly and
immediately before, during and following storms.
13: PVC - A maximum slope of 200% is allowed for these pipe materials with no joints (one section), with
structures at each end, and with proper grouting.
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -10 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
PERMIT INSPECTIONS REQUIRED
EROSION MEASURES
PAVING AND RESTORE
PLANTING INSPECTION
PUBLIC WORKS FINAL
PUBLIC WORKS PRE -CON
STORM DRAINAGE
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -11 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
EXHIBIT C
Stormwater Facility/BMP Site Plan
[attacheCI]
City of Tukwila
Stormwater Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -12 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
Storrniwater Facility/BMI" Site Plard
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page-13 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
EXHIBIT D
Operations & Maintenance Plan with Schedule
[attached]
City of Tukwila
Stormwater Maintenance
Declaration of Covenant
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -14 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
NO. , - CATCH
'BASINS AND MANHOLES
Maintenance
Defect or Problem Condition When Maintenance is Needed
Results Expected When
Component
Maintenance is Performed
Structure
Sediment Sediment exceeds 60°l of the depth from the
Sump of catch basin contains no
bottom of the catch basin to the invert of the
sediment,
i
lowest pipe into or out of the catch basin or is
within 6 inches of the invert of the kwv,est pipe
into or out of the catch basin.
Trash and debris Trash or debris of more than % cubic foot which
No Trash or debris blocking or
is located immediately in front of tho catch basin
potentially blocking entrance to
opening or is blocking capacity of the catch basin
catch basin.
by more than 10%.
Trash or debris in the catch basin that exceeds
No trash or debris in the catch basin.
'13 the depth from the bottom of basin to invert
the lowest pipe into or out of the basin.
Dead animals or vegetation that could generate
No dead animals or vegetation
odors that could cause complaints or dangerous
present within catch basin -
gases (e.g.. methane).
Deposits of garbage exceeding 1 cubic foot in
No condition present which would
volume_
attract or support the breeding of
insects or rodents.
Damage to frame Corner of frame extends more than Y. inch past
Frame is even with curb.
and/or top slab curb face into the street (If applicable),
Top slab is free of holes and cracks_
Top slab has holes larger than 2 square inches or
cracks wider than !, inch.
Frame not sitting flush on top slab. i.e.,
Frame is sitting flush on top slab.
separation of more than •y. inch of the frame from
the top slab.
Cracks in walls or Cracks snider than '/- inch and longer than 3 feet.
Catch basin is sealed and is
bottom any evidence of soil particles entering catch
structurally sound.
basin through cracks, or maintenance person
judges that catch basin is unsound.
Cracks wider than '.%• inch and longer than i foot
No cracks more than 11, inch wide at
at the joint of any inletioutlet pipe or any evidence
the joint of inielfoutlet pipe.
of soil particles entering catch basin through
cracks.
Settlement! Catch basin has settled more than 1 inch or has
E%asin replaced or repaired to design
misalignment rotated more than 2 inches out of alignment,
standards.
Damaged pipe joints Cracks snider than 52 -inch al the joint of the
No cracks more than '/.-inch wide at
inletioullet pipes or any evidence of soil entering
the joint of inlelJoutlet pipes.
the catch basin at the joint of the inlet/outlet
pipes.
Contaminants and Any evidence of contaminants orpollution such
Materials removed and disposed of
pollution as oil, gasoline, concrete slurries or paint.
according to applicable regulations.
Source control ®MPs implemented if
appropriate. No contaminants
present other than a surface oil film.
Inlet/Outlet Pipe
Sediment Sediment filling 20% or more of the pipe.
Inlet/outlet pipes clear of sediment.
accumulation
Trash and debris Trash and debris accumulated in inletfoutlet
No trash or debris in pipes.
pipes (includes floatables and non-floatables).
Damaged _ Cracks wider than Y•inch at the joint of the
No cracks more than %-inch wide at
inletloutlet pipes or any evidence of soil entering
the joint of the inleVoutlet pipe.
at the joints of the Inletloutict pipes.
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -15 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
NO: 5 - CATCH BASINS AND MANHOLES
Maintenance
Defect or Problem
Condition When Maintenance is Needed
Results Expected When
Component
Maintenance is Performed
Metal Grates
Llusafe grate opening
Grate with opening wider than 'A inch.
Grate opening meets design
(Catch Basins)
standards.
Trash and debris
Trash and debris that is blocking more than 20%
Grate free o' trash and debris.
of grate surface.
Damaged or missing
Grate missing or broken member(s) of the grate.
Grate is in place and meets design
Any open structure requires urgent
standards.
maintenance.
Manhole Cover/Lid
Coverllid not in place
Cover{6d is missing or only partially in place.
Coverllid protects opening to
Any open structure requires urgent
structure.
maintenance.
Locking mechanism
Mechanism cannot be opened by one
Mechanism opens with proper tools.
Not Working
maintenance person with proper tools. Bolts
cannot be seated. Self-locking cover.4id does not
work.
Coven9ld difficult to
One maintenance person cannot remove
Coverllid can he removed and
Remove
cover/lid after applying 80 lbs. of lift,
reinstalled by one maintenance
person.
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -16 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
NO.6 — CONVEYANCE
PIPES AND
DITCHES
Maintenance
Defect or Problem
Conditions When Maintenance is Needed
Results Expected When
Component
Maintenance is Performed
Pipes
Sediment & debris
AcCUntulated sediment or debris that exceeds
Water flows freely through pipes.
accumulation
201/, of the diameter of the pipe.
Vegetationiroots
Vegetationlrools that reduce free movement of
Water flows freely through pipes.
water through pipes.
Contaminants and
Any evidence of contaminants or pollution such
Materials removed and disposed of
pollution
as oil, gasoline, concroto slurries or paint,
according to applicable regulations.
Source control BMPs implemented if
appropriate. No contaminants
present other than a surface oil film.
Damage to protective
Protective coating is damaged; rust or corrosion
Pipe repairers or replaced.
coating or corrosion
is weakening the structural integrity of any part of
pipe.
Damaged
Any dent that decreases the cross section area of
Pipe repaired or replaced.
pipe by more than 20°I or is determined to have
weakened structural Integrity of the pipe.
Ditches
Trash and debris
Trash and debris exceeds 1 cubic foot per 1,000
Trash and debris cleared from
square feet of ditch and slopes.
ditches.
Sediment
Accumulated sediment that exceeds 20% of the
Dilch cleanedliBushed of all sediment
accumulation
design depth.
and debris so that it matches design.
Noxious woods
Any noxious or nuisance vegetation which may
Noxious and nuisance vegetation
constitute a hazard to County personnel or the
removed according to applicable
public.
regulations. No danger of noxious
vegetation where County personnel
or the public might normally be.
Contaminants and
Any evidence of contaminants or pollution such
Materials removed and disposed of
pollution
as oil, gasoline, concrete slurries or paint.
according to applicable regulations.
Source control BMPs implemented if
appropriate. Nocontaminanls
present other than a surface oil film.
Vegetation
Vegetation that reduces free movement of water
Water flows freely through ditches.
through ditches.
Erosion damage to
Any erosion observed on a ditch slope.
Slopes are not eroding.
Slopes
Rock lining out of
One layer or less of rock exists above native soil
Replace rocks to design standards.
place or missing (If
area 5 square feet or more, any exposed native
Applicable)
soil,.
Instrument Number: 20250630000310 Document:COV Rec: $319.50 Page -17 of 17
Record Date:6/30/2025 10:52 AM King County, WA
N4 24 -CATCH BASIN INSERT
Maintenance Defect or Problem
Conditions When Maintenance is Needed
Results Expected When
Component
Maintenance is Performed
Media Insert Visible Oii
Visible oil sheen passing through media
Media inset replaced.
Insert does not Fit
Flow gets into catch basin without going through
Al flour goes through media.
catch basin properly
media.
Filter media plugged
Filter media plugged.
Floor through filter media is normal.
Oil absorbent media
Media oil saturated.
Oil absorbent media replaced.
saturated
Water saturated
Catch basin insert is saturated with water, which
Insert replaced.
no longer has the capacity to absorb.
Service lire exceeded
Regular interval replacement due to typical
Media replaced at manufacturers
average life of media insert product, typically one
recommended interval.
month.
Seasonal
When storms occur and during the %vot season.
Remove, clean and replace or install
maintenance
new insert after major storms,
monthly during the wet season or at
manufacturer's recommended
interval.