HomeMy WebLinkAbout1851-09-16 - Seattle and King County's First Non-Native Settlerseattte an
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"sFirs
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By Greg Lange
Posted 10/15/2000
HistoryLink.org Essay 1660
Duwamish Westcoast Canoe with traditional
longhouse in background, Cedar River, 1893
Courtesy University of Oregon Special
Collections (PHO1_BX13_1418)
John and Lydia Low family (from upper left)
Alonzo Low, John Low (father), John N. V. Low,
Minerva Low, Lydia Colburn Low (mother), Mary
Low (later Sinclair), ca. 1860
Courtesy A. A. Denny, Pioneer Days on Puget
Sound
n the vicinity of the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay where in 1851 the
first U.S. settlers began building log cabins, the Duwamish tribe
occupied at least 17 villages. The first non -Natives to settle the area
were farmers who selected their claims on the Duwamish River on
September 16, 1851, and brought household goods and family members
to the claims on September 27, 1851. These original King County
settlers were Luther Collins (1813-1860) and his family (Diana Collins
and children Lucinda and Stephen), Henry Van Asselt (1817-1902), Jacob
Mapel (or Maple) (1798-1884) and his son Samuel Mapel (or Maple)
(1827-1880). Following shortly behind were the members of the Denny
Party: brothers Charles and Lee Terry, brothers Arthur and David Denny,
the Low family, William Bell, Carson Boren and his two sisters Louisa
Boren and Mary Boren Denny (married to Arthur). This essay gives a
detailed chronology of the arrivals and settlements of the Collins Party,
the Denny Party, and various other claimants to first settler such as John
Holgate (1830-1868). It sifts various debates and assertions about who
came when and what this meant.
Duwamish Villages
The Duwamish Valley and Elliott Bay were not an uninhabited wilderness
when Euro-Americans began arriving in the middle of the nineteenth
century. Along the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay where the first U. S.
settlers began building one- and two -room log cabins, the Duwamish
tribe occupied at least 17 nearby villages.
For example, the tribe had a village called Hahapoos, located near the
original mouth of the Duwamish River, with three large buildings (each
about 60 by 120 feet). Another village called Tal-tal-kus, located along
the original winding route of the Duwamish River at what later became
Airport Way and Spokane Street had three to five medium sized buildings
(each about 48 by 96 feet). Two other villages sat near the site of Renton
Airfield -- Nua-hub-kow with five houses (one was about 36 by 100 feet),
and Sctub-beles, with 10 buildings. A federal court issued a finding in
1933 which stated that in the mid-1850s, when the treaties were signed,
the 17 Duwamish villages had a total of more than 93 buildings. The
finding held that the Duwamish tribe occupied land around Elliott Bay,
the Duwamish River, Lake Washington, and Lake Sammamish.
The land and waters had been home to Salish tribes for millennia, but
they would be overwhelmed by their new neighbors within a few short
years.
The Collins Party: King County's First Non -Native Settlers
On September 14, 1851, King County's first new settlers arrived at the
mouth of the then -winding Duwamish River. They explored the area and
on September 16, selected claims about three miles up the river. About
two weeks later, on September 27, 1851, they brought family members
and household goods by scow from the Nisqually River near Ft.
Steilacoom to their claims. These original settlers were Luther M. Collins
(1813-1860), Collins' wife Diana, and their children Lucinda and
Stephen, Henry Van Asselt (1817-1902), Jacob Mapel (or Maple) (1798-
1884) and his adult son Samuel Mapel (or Maple) (1827-1880).
Names and Ages of the Collins Party upon Their Arrival on the Duwamish
on September 27, 1851
• Luther Collins, about 37
• Diana Borst Collins, about 36
• Lucinda Collins, 13 or 14
John N. Low (1820-1888), ca. 1860
Courtesy UW Special Collections (POR1409)
Lydia Colborn Low(1820-1901), ca. 1860
Photograph byAsahel Curtis, Courtesy Seattle
Public Library, Seattle Room Digital Collections
(spl shp_ 14996)
• Stephen Collins, about 7
• Jacob Mapel (Maple), 53
• Samuel A. Mapel (Maple), 23
• Henry Van Asselt, 34
The area of the Van Asselt claim was annexed to the City of Seattle in
1907. The Collins claim and both Mapel claims were incorporated as the
City of Georgetown in 1890 and were annexed by the City of Seattle in
1910.
Exploration Before the First Settlers Arrived
In 1792, with the arrival of the two -ship Vancouver expedition,
Europeans had first entered the waters of Puget Sound. For the next
three decades, perhaps occasional ship had entered the sound in
search of sea otter and beaver pelts. In 1833, the Hudson's Bay
Company established Fort Nisqually (nine years after they had entered
the Puget Sound) in order to be able to aquire furs year round. They also
established a farm. In 1841, the U. S. Exploring Expedition, led by
Charles Wilkes, surveyed Puget Sound. Four years later, U. S. citizens
established the first settlement on Puget Sound at Newmarket (renamed
Tumwater).
By the midpoint of the nineteenth century, Puget Sound's few hundred
non -Native residents were concentrated in the vicinity of Fort Nisqually
(Hudson's Bay Company) and Fort Steilacoom (U.S. Army), and in the
southern Puget Sound village of Tumwater, and on Whidbey Island.
Two factors accelerated U.S. settlement of the Sound:
• The 1846 ratification of the Treaty of Oregon, which established
United States sovereignty below the 49th parallel;
• The 1850 passage of the Donation Claims Act, which granted
320 acres to each adult U.S. citizen (640 acres to married
couples) who arrived in Oregon Territory before December 1850,
and resided on their claim for four years. (Oregon Territory
extended over land that became the states of Oregon,
Washington, Idaho, and far western Montana.)
Congress amended the Donation Claims Act to allow settlers who
arrived in Oregon Territory between December 1850 and December 1855
to make smaller Donation Land Claims (up to 160 acres for single men
and 320 acres for married couples).
Elliott Bay Passersby: Simmons and Ebey
Puget Sound's first settlers typically explored the Sound before deciding
where to homestead. They would usually walk north from the Columbia
River along the Cowlitz corridor to the south end of Puget Sound. Then
they would hire Natives with canoes to guide them around the Sound.
The first United States citizens to do this were Michael Simmons and a
party of nine men. In the summer of 1845, they paddled along both sides
of the Sound and past Elliott Bay. Simmons decided to settle at
Newmarket (Tumwater). Thus began the first U.S. settlement on Puget
Sound.
In 1850, Colonel Isaac N. Ebey (1818-1857), on his tour of Puget Sound,
reconnoitered Elliott Bay, the Duwamish and Black rivers, and Lake
Washington before settling with his wife and children on Whidbey Island.
He worked as a farmer, a customs officer, and in the Oregon Territorial
Legislature. In 1857, Ebey was killed and beheaded by Indians from
British Columbia or Alaska in retribution for the killings of tribal members
by a U.S. warship the previous year.
First Settler Pretenders: Holgate and Latimer
Historian Edmond Meany (writing in 1909) and others incorrectly give the
honor of "the first settler of Seattle" to John Holgate (1828-1868). In
1847, Holgate traveled west from Iowa to Oregon Territory. In the
summer of 1850, at the age of 22, he very likely explored the Duwamish
Charles C. Terry (1828-1867)
Courtesy Bagley, History of King County
William N. Bell (1817-1887)
Courtesy Bagley, History of King County
River and considered settling on the site where Collins and Mapel
homesteaded the following year.
Holgate wrote to a family member of his six -week (mid -August to early
October 1850) exploration of Puget Sound, "The Sound has four rivers
along its eastern shore. The valleys of these rivers will average about 15
mites in width and are about equally divided in prairie and timber." He
declared the Sound to be "decidedly ahead of any other country" he had
ever seen. But he did not stay, because "I have not got that other 'rib' yet"
(Grant, 89).
He did not wish to settle by himself, and headed south in search of a
wife. Moreover, the Donation Land Claim Act did not take effect until
September 27, 1850. It is doubtful that Holgate even knew of it,
considering the slowness of communications. Some accounts state that
he returned to the East to bring out his relatives, but it is likely that he
remained in Oregon until 1853 (Hanford). John Holgate returned (still a
bachelor) in the spring 1853 and on June 21, 1853, he settled on
Seattle's future Beacon Hill. In his absence, others had arrived.
Another myth makes William Latimer (1833-1898) Seattle's first settler in
the summer of 1850. In fact, by Latimer's own account, he made his
"first journey on Puget Sound" in the fall of 1852 (Seattle P-I, November
29, 1896).
Back to the Collins Party
During Holgate's absence, the Collins Party --Luther Collins, Henry Van
Asselt, Jacob Mapel, and Samuel Mapel -- canoed north from the
Nisqually area. Collins had arrived on Puget Sound in 1847, and had
settled near the Nisqually River. Early summer 1851 found Collins and
the two Mapels returning north from the Yreka goldfields in far northern
California. Along the way they met Van Asselt, another returning gold
miner.
They headed to Puget Sound and used Collins' farm near the Nisqually
River as their base to took for farm sites. On September 14, 1851, with
the possible exception of Samuel Mapel, the men arrived near the mouth
of the Duwamish River and camped for the night. By September 16, after
exploring the Duwamish River and valley, they selected land on which to
settle. They then returned to Collins' farm to help move his family,
household goods, and livestock to the Duwamish River.
Proposed Earlier Arrival Date for Collins Party Probably Inaccurate
There is one account, that of Eli Mapel, that puts the Collins Party
settlement on the Duwamish River three months earlier. Eli traveled west
over the Oregon Trail and joined his father and brother in the Duwamish
River valley in October 1852. Fifty years later, Eli Mapel published an
autobiographical account in a local newspaper in which he relates that
Collins, Van Asselt, and his father Jacob and brother Samuel "were the
first settlers who located here -- June 22, 1851."
Yet it is doubtful that the Collins Party reached the Duwamish River
Valley and Puget Sound that early. Evidence suggests that in early July
1851, at least two of these homesteaders were farther south, in Oregon.
In March 1855, Samuel Mapel stated in a Donation Land Claim filing that
he arrived in Oregon Territory on July 1, 1851. This probably refers to the
date he entered Oregon Territory while traveling north from the California
gold fields. Samuel Mapel's party included Jacob Mapel and Luther
Collins and perhaps Henry Van Asselt and his group of returning miners
who joined forces somewhere between California and the Columbia
River.
Moreover, two different biographical sketches place Henry Van Asselt in
Oregon in early July 1851, and imply that Collins and the two Mapels
were with him. Finally, a letter dated January 1, 1880, published in The
West Shore in 1884, and signed by King County pioneers Henry Van
Asselt, William Bell, Henry Yesler, Carson Boren, and Arthur and David
Denny, gives a chronology of settlement in King County. This letter
Lee Terry (1818-1862)
Courtesy Denny, Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
Colonel Isaac Neff Ebey (1818-1857)
states: "September 16, 1851 -- Henry Van Assalt, Jacob Mapel and L. M.
Collins selected claims on Duwamish River ....
The Denny Party Vanguard Arrives at Alki
On September 25, 1851, about a week and a half after the Collins Party
left the Duwamish River to return to the Collins farm, the vanguard of
another party of settlers appeared in Elliott Bay. David Denny (1832-
1903), John Low (1820-1888), and Leander (Lee) Terry (1818-1862)
arrived and camped at a point later called Duwamish Head. On the point
was an Native village where, according to David Denny, they met Chief
Seattle (d. 1866). By canoe and on foot, they explored the shoreline of
Elliott Bay and the Duwamish River looking for the best land on which to
settle. On September 27, 1851, the men returned to their first night's
encampment.
As the three men sat around the evening's campfire, they heard a boat
approaching, and the two parties greeted one another. The boat carried
Collins, his wife and two children, and likely Van Asselt and the two
Mapels. After visiting briefly, the Collins Party continued on up the
Duwamish River to settle on their Donation Land Claims.
The next day, on September 28, David Denny, John Low, and Lee Terry
paddled west along the shoreline until they reached Alki Point, which
they decided offered the best site for a future community. John Low and
Lee Terry selected their homesteads, but David Denny was too young to
make a Donation Land Claim. He remained at Alki with Lee Terry to
protect the claims and begin building a cabin. Alki has been
continuously occupied since September 28, 1851, In May 1907, the
Town of West Seattle annexed Alki and two months later the City of
Seattle annexed the enlarged West Seattle.
John Low returned to Portland with a note dated September 28, 1851
from David addressed to Arthur Denny:
"Dear Brother,
Come as soon as you can. We have found a valleythat will
accommodate one thousand families. Mr. Low will describe it to you.
Respectfully, D. T. Denny"(The Seattle Times)
Remainder of Denny Party Reaches Alki
On November 13, 1851, Low returned to Alki aboard the
Schooner Exact with the Boren, Bell, and Denny families, about 22
settlers. Apparently Charles Terry (1828-1867) did not disembark at Alki
Point. In late October, his brother Lee had left Alki headed south in
search of tools. Charles Terry, possibly in search of his brother who had
not returned after going off to find an adze, remained on board the Exact,
which continued south to Steilacoom and Olympia. Lee and Charles
Terry returned to Alki Point within a week or two.
The Denny Party came with the explicit purpose, as Arthur Denny stated,
of availing themselves "of the privilege of a donation claim ..:"
(Denny, Pioneer Days, 16) Lee Terry and John Low had already taken the
prime homestead sites on Alki Point, so the two Dennys, Boren, and Bell
decided to took elsewhere around Puget Sound. Until they could locate
their own claims, they took up temporary residence at Alki. By the end of
November, they had completed cabins for each of their families.
In December, the ship Leonesa arrived looking for 50-foot-long pilings for
use in constructing docks at San Francisco. During the last three weeks
of December all the adult males at Alki spent most of their time felling
trees and towing the logs out to the ship. After the loaded Leonesa sailed
away on January 2, 1852, they started exploring central Puget Sound for
homestead sites.
The four men explored the territory south to the Puyallup River, west to
Port Orchard, and by early February they were examining the shoreline
north of Alki along eastern Puget Sound. Arthur Denny stated:
John C. Holgate (1828-1868)
Early Seattle claim map, including the then -
winding Duwamish River, 1850s
"... we begin exploring round Elliott Bay, taking soundings ... After a
careful examination of the harbor, timber and feed for stock, we on the
15th of February, located and marked three claims in one body"
(Denny, Pioneer Days, 16-17).
Denny Party Settles Site of Future Downtown Seattle
They placed one stake at the south end of what would later be called
Maynard's Point. The stake was located about one-half block south of
the future Jackson Street near 1st Avenue S. They staked the north end of
their claims at the future Denny Way. They also decided that Carson
Boren would take the south portion, Arthur Denny the middle portion,
and William Bell the north portion, leaving for later the determining of the
exact boundaries among them.
Boren, Arthur Denny, and Bell adjusted their claims twice for subsequent
arrivals. In late March 1852, David Maynard (1808-1873) arrived seeking
a good place to salt and barrel Duwamish River salmon. In October 1852
Henry Yesler (1810-1892) arrived looking for a site for a steam sawmill.
Claims were adjusted to make room for them. In 1853, David Denny
turned 21, the legal age for homesteading, and made a claim north of
Bell's.
In early March 1852, William Bell symbolically took possession of his
claim by felling a tree, cutting it into lengths, notching the ends, and
laying down a four-sided cabin "foundation.' But it wasn't until April 3,
1852 that Bell actually started constructing the cabin (Bell, June 4,
1878).
It seems that Mary Boren (Carson's wife) and Louisa Boren (Carson's
sister) performed the same symbolic act as Bell. In late March or early
April 1852, Natives s paddled them across Elliott Bay to the chosen
Boren cabin site. An early writer states that "they cut with their own
hands some small fir logs and laid the foundation of a cabin" (Blazing the
Way, 59). Subsequent writers have misinterpreted their symbolic act as
the actual building of the cabin.
Carson Boren left the Alki settlement on March 23, 1852, to get livestock
and probably started building his family's cabin when he returned in late
April. On April 27, 1852, Carson Boren purchased six pounds of nails and
a wood stove from Charles Terry, which he undoubtedly used for his
cabin. On papers Carson Boren filed for his Donation Land Claim, he
stated his claim was settled on May 13, 1852. This is likely the date the
Boren family moved into the completed cabin.
From April 3 to June 12, 1852, according to their Donation Land Claim
filings, the recently arrived David Maynard followed by Bell, Boren, and A.
A. Denny moved to their chosen homesteads. Seattle has been
continuously occupied since that time. When the Town of Seattle was
originally incorporated in 1865 these four Donation Land Claims were
the first homesteads made within the Town's boundaries. In 1867, the
Washington Territory Legislature disincorporated the Town returning
jurisdiction of Seattle to the King County Commissioners. In 1869, the
City of Seattle reincorporated and this incorporation continues to the
present day.
Names and ages of the Denny Party upon their arrival at Alki on
November 13, 1851
Families:
• Arthur A Denny, 29
• Mary Ann Denny, 28
• Louisa Catherine (Kate) Denny, 7
• Margaret Lenora (Lenora) Denny, 4
• Rolland H. Denny, 6 weeks
• John N. Low, 31
• Lydia Low, 31
• Mary L. Low, 8
• Alonzo Low, 6
Jacob Maple (or Mapel) (1798-1884)
Arthur Denny (1822-1899), 1850-1860
Courtesy UW Special Collections (POR857)
Henry Van Asselt, ca. 1890
Courtesy MOHAI (1967.4236.1)
• John V. Low, 4
• Minerva Low, 2
• Carson D. Boren, 26
• Mary Boren, 20
• Livonia Gertrude (Gertrude) Boren, 11 months
• William N. Bell, 34
• Sarah Ann Bell, 32
• Laura Keziah Bell, 8
• Olive Julia Bell, 5
• Mary Virginia (Virginia) Bell, 4
• Alvina Lavina (Lavina) Bell, 9 months
Single adults:
• Louisa Boren, 24
• David T. Denny, 19
• Charles C. Terry, 22
• Leander (Lee) Terry, 33
The distinction of being King County's first new settlers rightly belongs to
Luther and Diana Collins and their children Lucinda and Stephen, Henry
Van Asselt, and Jacob and Samuel Mapel (Maple). But it is the members
of the three-family Denny Party who are rightly considered the founders
of Seattle. It is worth noting that the Duwamish River farmers assisted
the Denny Party and conducted commerce with the growing city to the
north. In 1853, Luther Collins was appointed as one of King County's first
three Commissioners.
Chronology
Because these dates have been the subject of so much debate and
confusion, it is worth restating them in a brief summary.
• September 14, 1851 Collins Party arrives at the mouth of the
Duwamish River.
• September 16, 1851 Collins Party selects homesteads on the
Duwamish River.
• September 25, 1851 Denny Party scouts (David Denny, John
Low, and Lee Terry) arrive at Duwamish Head.
• September 27, 1851 Collins Party encounters Denny Party
scouts on Duwamish Head. The parties greet one another as the
Collins Party goes by in a scow with household goods to settle
on their Duwamish River claims.
• September 28, 1851 John Low, and Lee Terry (accompanied by
David Denny) select Alki for their settlement. Low returns that
day to Portland to inform the rest of the Denny Party.
• November 13, 1851 the rest of the Denny Party arrives at Alki
Point.
• February 15, 1852 Arthur Denny, Carson Boren, and William Bell
select the eastern shore of Elliott Bay for their homesteads.
• April 3, 1852 Bell, David Maynard, and the Boren family
excluding Carson settle on their Seattle homesteads.
• Late April, 1852 Carson Boren starts building his cabin and
moves into it by May 13, 1852.
• June 12, 1852 Arthur Denny and family, detained at Alki by
illness, move into their cabin (built by the others).
• By about October 1852 they had named the settlement Seattle.
• May 23, 1853 Seattle is platted.
This essay made possible by:
Rivers -in -Time Project
King County
Seattle Public Utilities
Seattle City Light
David Thomas Denny (1832-1903), ca. 1889
Courtesy UW Special Collections (POR871)
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Carson Boren's sisters Louisa Boren Denny and Mary
Boren Denny, Seattle, n.d.
Courtesy UW Special Collections (LIN0068, cropped)
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Whitney's map of Seattle, Washington, 1890
Courtesy Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library (17-5508)
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Sources:
Gordon Newell, Westward to Alki: The Story of David and Louisa Denny (Seattle: Superior Publishing Co., 1977), 50-51; Laura
Arksey, "Beheaded Pioneer," Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 1988), 24-30; Lucile McDonald,
"Seattle's Durable Maple Clan," The Seattle Times, November 24, 1957, Magazine section, p. 8; Miriam Baughman et al., The
Duwamish Diary, 1849-1949 (Seattle: Cleveland High School, 1949 and 1996); James R. Warren, King County and Its Emerald
City, Seattle (Seattle: American Historical Press, 1997); Roberta Frye Watt, Four Wagons West: The Story of Seattle (Portland,
OR: Binfords & Mort, 1931), 65; United States Court of Claims. The Duwamish, Lummi, Whidby Island, Skagit, Upper Skagit,
Swinomish, Kikiallus, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Stillaguamish, Suquamish, Samish, Puyallup, Suqaxin, Skokomish, Upper
Chehalis, Muckleshoot, Nooksack, Chinook and San Juan Islands Tribes of Indians, Claimants v. The United States of America,
Defendant. Cause #F-275, Consolidated Petition. (Seattle: The Argus Press, ca. 1933), 686-687, 694, 697; Elbridge Morse,
"Notes of the History and Resources of Washington Territory Furnished H. H. Bancroft of San Francisco, Cat. Book No. 1
Settlement," p. 119, University of California at Berkeley, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California, Microfilm Edition, University of
Washington Library, Newspapers and Microforms; Emily Inez Denny, Blazing the Way: True Stories and Sketches of Puget
Sound and Other Pioneers (Seattle: Rainier Printing Company, Inc., 1909), 43-45, 58-59, 214-218, 222, 274-275; Edmond S.
Meany, History of the State of Washington New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909), 227-229; Transcription of July 12,
1883 Seattle Weekly Chronicle in Clarence Bagley In the Beginning (1905), p. 35-39; Frederic James Grant, History of Seattle,
Washington (New York: American Publishing and Engraving Co., Publishers, 1891), 87-90; National Archives, Washington
Donation Land Claims, Samuel Mapel Donation Land Claim Number 0-206,0-314, 0-351, 0-353, 0-405, 0-423, 0-429, 0-
440, 0-466, 0-521, National Archives Microfilm M615. (Washington DC: National Archives, National Archives and Records
Service, ca. 1970); Thomas W. Prosch, "A Chronological History of Seattle From 1850 to 1897," p 17, 22-23, 24, typescript
dated 1900-1901, Seattle Public Library, Seattle; Thomas Prosch, David S. Maynard and Catherine T. Maynard Biographies of
Two of the Oregon Immigrants of 1850 (Seattle: Lowman & Hanford Stationery & Printing Co, 1906), 28; Robert L. Ferguson, The
Pioneers of Lake View (Seattle: Thistle Press, 1995), 30-31; Seattle Post-Intelligencer November 29, 1896, p. 5; E. B. Mapel, "A
Short Autobiography of E. B. Mapel..." dated in ink November 16, 1902 in C. B. Bagley Scrapbook at University of Washington.
Microfilm at University of Washington Library, Suzzallo Branch, Newspapers and Microforms Vol. 1 pp 38-39; Clarence B.
Bagley, History of Seattle (Chicago; The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916), Vol. 1, p. 17, Vol. 2 p. 800; History of the Pacific
Northwest: Oregon and Washington (Portland, OR: North Pacific History Company, 1889), 612-613; H. K. Hines, An Illustrated
History of the State of Washington (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1893), 522-523; The West Shore Vol. 10 No. 6
(June, 1884), p. 164; Arthur A. Denny, Pioneer Days on Puget Sound (Seattle: C. B. Bagley, Printer, 1888), 10-11, 16-20; Account
Book in Charles Carroll Terry Papers, Leaf 4 verso, leaf 5 verso, leaf 6 recto, leaf 7 verso, in back of book leaf d recto, Accession
No. 0247-001, University of Washington Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives; Walt Crowley et at., "An
Accidental Metropolis," The Seattle Times October 1, 2000, p. 1-D.
Note: This essay was corrected on October 27, 2004, and revised on September 10, 2015.
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