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HomeMy WebLinkAboutUtilities 2012-09-25 Item 2C - Review - Surface Water Comprehensive Plan / Capital Improvement ProgramCity of Tukwila Jim Haggerton, Mayor TO: Mayor Haggerton Utilities Committee FROM: Bob Giberson, Public Works Director- BY: Ryan Larson, Senior Engineer DATE: September 21, 2012 SUBJECT: Surface Water Comprehensive Plan Project No. 91041202 Draft Comprehensive Plan for Review Capital Improvement Projects ISSUE Present draft of the proposed 2012 Surface Water Comprehensive Plan and review the proposed Capital Improvement Projects. BACKGROUND The City hired CH2M Hill to update our Surface Water Comprehensive Plan (SWCP) to reflect changes in regulatory requirements and drainage needs within the City. The current SWCP was completed in 2003 and does not reflect changes in regulations required under the City's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit, our current GIS inventory, completed CIP projects, the Tukwila South annexation area, nor newly identified needs. DISCUSSION Staff intends to review the draft SWCP in a series of three Utilities Committee meetings. This first review will concentrate on how the project lists were determined and the corresponding proposed CIP projects. The second meeting will review the entire SWCP document. Staff will then complete a final draft, obtain a SEPA determination, and bring the SWCP forward for final review and Council approval by resolution. The primary purpose of the SWCP is to review surface water and habitat needs and develop a list of proposed CIP projects. The proposed projects are developed by reviewing past project lists, interviewing staff, reviewing citizen complaints, and performing field assessments. Past projects that are no longer needed are removed, existing projects costs are updated, and new projects are added to comply with changes in regulations and newly identified deficiencies. A total of 14 Capital projects are proposed in the SWCP under the 412 Fund and 4 are proposed under the 301 Fund that are related to fish habitat improvements. Proposed new projects in the 412 Surface Water fund include: Water Quality Retrofit Program East Marginal Way Conveyance Inspections Tukwila Pkwy /Gilliam Creek, outfalls Tukwila Urban Center Conveyance Inspections There are not any new fish habitat projects proposed. RECOMMENDATION Information only. Attachments: CIP Pages 137, 140, 147, 149, 156 Surface Water Comprehensive Plan Chapter 4 and 5 Draft Surface Water Comprehensive Plan Under Separate Cover W'\PW Eng1PROJECTSW- DR Projects%Surface Water Comp Plan (91041202) \Info Memo Draft Plan for Review CIP gl docx 10 City of Tukwila CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM for 2013-2018 IMINN CIP "Other After Six Page PROJECT TITLE 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 TOTAL Sources Years 138 Annual Small Drainage Program 645 685 685 685 685 685 4,070 273 685 139 NPDES Program 150 155 155 160 160 160 940 0 160 140 Water Quality Retrofit Program 110 110 110 110 110 110 660 0 110 141 GIS Inventory 15 15 15 15 15 15 90 0 15 142 Storm Lift Station No. 15 Improvements 585 0 0 0 0 0 585 0 0 143 Soils Reclamation Facility 311 2,543 0 0 0 0 2,854 2,800 0 144 East Marginal Wy S Stormwater Outfalls 120 0 251 785 0 0 1,156 0 0 145 Christensen Rd Pipe Replacement 61 266 0 0 0 0 327 0 0 146 Gilliam Creek 42 Ave S Culvert 25 600 0 0 0 0 625 0 0 147 E Marginal Wy Conveyance Inspection 0 85 0 0 0 0 85 0 0 148 53rd Ave S Storm Drain System 0 0 0 0 293 1,264 1,557 0 0 149 Tukwila Pkwy /Gilliam Creek Outfalls 0 0 0 0 0 230 230 0 0 150 S 146th St Pipe 35th Ave S Drainage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 882 151 S 143rd Street Storm Drain System 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,096 152 Nelsen PI /Longacres Phase II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 345 153 Northwest Gilliam Storm Drainage System 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 940 154 Duwamish Rvrbk Stabilization at S 104th St 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 595 155 Surface Water Comprehensive Plan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 156 TUC Conveyance Inspection 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 541 Grand Total 2,022 4,459 1,216 1,755 1,263 2,464 13,179 3,073 5,544 Denotes other funding sources, grants, or mitigation. Chanoes from 2012 to 2013 CIP: Additions 140 Water Quality Retrofit Program 147 E Marginal Wy Conveyance Inspection 149 Tukwila Pkwy /Gilliam Creek Outfalls 156 Tukwila Urban Center Conveyance Inspection Deletions Private Storm System Adoption, most completed, remainder will be added to Small Drainage Program. Andover Park W 48 -inch Drain Rehabilitation, combined with Tukwila Pkwy /Gilliam Creek Outfalls Property for Riverton Creek Sediment Trap, minimal benefit with high costs; cannot justify project. Duwamish Riverbank Stabilization near S 115th St, responsibility of KCFCZD. Minkler Blvd Culvert Replacement, no longer needed due to new development at SC Pkwy /Strander Blvd. Treatment Pond for Gilliam Creek, minimal benefit with high costs; cannot justify project. Retrofit Storm Water Treatment at 51 st Ave S, minimal benefit with high costs; cannot justify project. Tukwila Parkway Drainage, minimal benefit with high costs; cannot justify project. Lift Station No. 15 Lift Station No. 16 Lift Station No. 17 Lift Station No. 18 Lift Station No. 19 5880 S 180th St Claim Jumper 7420 S 180th St (underpass) 530 Strander Blvd Bicentennial Park 4225 S 122nd St Allentown Fort Dent Park (Parks Dept.) 137 11 CITY OF TUKWILA CAPITAL PROJECT SUMMARY 2013 to 2018 PROJECT: Water Quality Retrofit Program Project No. 91241202 DESCRIPTION: Design and install water quality vaults at selected locations throughout the City JUSTIFICATION: NPDES permit requirements to improve water quality. STATUS: New project for 2013 2018 CIP. Two candidates have been identified; water quality vaults (WOV) for 48th Ave S and S 122nd St. MAINT. IMPACT: Expected to increase maintenance. COMMENT: Combine with other CIP projects for design and construction, where feasible FINANCIAL Through Estimated (in $000's) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 BEYOND TOTAL EXPENSES Design 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 105 Land (RAM 0 Const. Mgmt. 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 105 Construction 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 560 TOTAL EXPENSES 0 0 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 770 FUND SOURCES Awarded Grant 0 Proposed Grant 0 Mitigation Actual 0 Mitigation Expected 0 Utility Revenue 0 0 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 770 TOTAL SOURCES 0 0 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 770 T1 Project Location: E ntire Syst r 5 y� i e 2013 2018 Capital Improvement Program 140 GIs' im 12 FUND SOURCES Awarded Grant 0 Proposed Grant 0 Mitigation Actual 0 Mitigation Expected 0 Utility Revenue 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 85 TOTAL SOURCES 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 85 147 S 1 2.1906 ,%128 Ip G 13 A I r a to) "A'A I W- I STATUS: MAINT. IMPACT: After project completion, maintenance will be able to clean and inspect the pipes. COMMENT: New manhole structures will include the slide gates which will control water flow during maintenance. Through Estimated 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 BEYOND TOTAL 30 30 0 25 25 175 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 230 .-.t Location 'S is on L S N 1 Pw 1 a... eT ir J�IS J 2013 2018 Capital Improvement Program 1z' L41 14 CITY OF TUKWILA CAPITAL PROJECT SUMMARY 2013 to 2018 PROJECT: Tukwila Urban Center Conveyance Inspections Project No. 91241203 DESCRIPTION: Clean and inspect existing piped conveyance systems 30" or larger throughout the Tukwila Urban Center ProjectLocation 8 13681 A T s Ile GS 2013 2018 Capital Improvement Program 156 15 4.0 Surface Water Issues and Solutions This section summarizes existing surface water issues. These issues are organized by type of surface water issue: drainage, water quality, or aquatic habitat. Appendix D contains the detailed information in support of this Section 4. 4.1 Available Data and Information The following sources of information were used to identify drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat issues: Anecdotal and recorded information provided by City staff Observations made during field visits by CH2M HILL and City staff 2003 City of Tukwila Comprehensive Surface Water Management Plan The following drainage studies: 1993 Surface Water Management Comprehensive Plan 1994 Gilliam Creek Detention and Water Quality Enhancements 1996 Fostoria Basin Stormwater Quality Management Plan 1997 Southgate Creek By -Pass Study 2001 Gilliam Creek Basin Storm Water Management Plan. 4.2 Identified Surface Water Issues Localized drainage problems are the primary surface water concern for the residents of the City of Tukwila. Drainage issues arise on both public and private property because there are no storm drainage systems, the existing conveyance systems are damaged or in need of maintenance, or the existing conveyance systems have inadequate hydraulic capacity. Much of the development in Tukwila occurred previous to current stormwater flow control standards. In addition, as impervious surfaces are added, more stormwater runs off during storms, exacerbating existing problems. Water quality problems are evident in the Green and Duwamish River system and in each of the major creek systems within the City of Tukwila. The Green River and Duwamish River are listed as impaired on the 2008 Ecology 303(d) list for dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and fecal coliform. Untreated runoff from arterial streets with intensive traffic usage, areas of dense commercial development, parking lots in the Tukwila International Boulevard corridor and Westfield Mall area, and I -5 and I-405 contributes to these problems. All of Tukwila s creek systems are affected, including Gilliam, Riverton, Southgate, and Johnson Creeks. Runoff conveyed to the river via these creeks is contributing to the impaired water quality of the Green and Duwamish Rivers. Available aquatic habitat has been significantly reduced in the creeks that drain Tukwila due to the effects of development and the loss of riparian buffer areas. Uncontrolled runoff 4.1 16 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN flows coupled with steep slopes in the upper reaches of Gilliam, Southgate, Riverton, and Johnson Creeks cause channel erosion that in turn delivers sediments to the lower gradient downstream reaches of these streams. Sediment deposition significantly reduces the conveyance capacity of these channels, restricts fish passage, and hinders the potential for salmonid spawning in these lower reaches. Better quality aquatic habitat in the lower reaches of all four streams in Tukwila would provide refuge to salmonids from high flows and predators in the Green and Duwamish Rivers. Several culverts are blockages to fish passage from the lower reaches to the upper reaches of each of the creek systems. Addressing these blockages to fish passage would provide salmonids access to aquatic habitat in the upper reaches of these systems. In addition, restoration of riparian buffer areas both in the upper and lower reaches of these creeks would reduce water temperatures, which is better for salmonids at all life cycles. Table 4 presents a summary of the number of identified drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat issues. Individual surface water issues are shown on Figure 6 and discussed in detail in Appendix D. TABLE 4 Surface Water Issue Summary This Comprehensive Surface Water Management Plan for Tukwila has outlined 26 specific surface water problems within the City of Tukwila. In addition to these specific 26, several smaller drainage issues have been identified by the City of Tukwila and have been included on the Small Drainage Project List maintained and frequently updated by City of Tukwila staff. The drainage issues on the Small Drainage Project List are addressed as a small drainage program. 4-2 WBG031611103411SEAtSURFACEWATERCOMPP LAN_DRAFT2012_0831-REV 17 Type of Surface Water Issue Number Water Aquatic Drainage Basin of Issues Drainage Quality Habitat Green/ Duwamish 9 X X X Gilliam Creek 5 X X Nelson Place Long Acres 3 X X X P17 1 X Riverton Creek 3 X X Southeast CBD 0 Southgate Creek 3 X X Johnson Creek 0 City -wide 2 X X Totals 26 X X X This Comprehensive Surface Water Management Plan for Tukwila has outlined 26 specific surface water problems within the City of Tukwila. In addition to these specific 26, several smaller drainage issues have been identified by the City of Tukwila and have been included on the Small Drainage Project List maintained and frequently updated by City of Tukwila staff. The drainage issues on the Small Drainage Project List are addressed as a small drainage program. 4-2 WBG031611103411SEAtSURFACEWATERCOMPP LAN_DRAFT2012_0831-REV 17 li a I lk 4. V uft w n Lake `singtn a v 0 a Surface Water Issues City of Tukwila Stormwater Pipe Drainage King County Unincorporated Drainage Basins Drainage /Habitat Other Municipalities A Outfall Habitat 4 I e y a a n°is f I N 18 6 Lake `singtn a v 0 a Surface Water Issues City of Tukwila Stormwater Pipe Drainage King County Unincorporated Drainage Basins Drainage /Habitat Other Municipalities A Outfall Habitat 4 I e y a a n°is f I N 18 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 4.3 Menu of Solutions to Address Surface Water Issues This section outlines the menu of solutions that could be used to address the surface water issues identified in the City of Tukwila. No single type of action, activity, or project is a "one size fits all" fix to all of these identified problems. Some surface water problems have structural solutions, while others have programmatic (non structural) solutions, and many have both programmatic and structural solutions. Implementing a diverse portfolio of solutions allows for different aspects of the issues to be addressed by different solutions. Potential solutions are divided into actions that would not involve construction or land acquisition, collectively referred to as programmatic approaches, and actions that would require capital projects and would be listed in the City of Tukwila Capital Improvement Program. The programmatic activities have the benefit of often being strategic rather than reactionary. Instead of fixing a single problem with a structural solution, programmatic alternatives often address a series of existing problems and are effective at preventing future problems. Often, capital (structural) solutions are most effective for single- location surface water problems and programmatic solutions are most effective for watershed -wide or other large scale problems. Regulatory requirements (such as the NPDES Phase II permit) emphasize programmatic approaches to problems. Also, water quality problems can be targeted successfully using programmatic means such as source control measures. Sub basin- or watershed -wide water quantity problems, such as increase in impervious surface runoff, can be addressed with programmatic solutions. Location- specific habitat, water quality, and water quantity issues can be addressed with capital projects. Using capital projects and programmatic solutions in tandem is the most effective method of addressing drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat problems comprehensively. Because multiple sources contribute to the problems, multiple solutions targeting different sources and different aspects of sources are appropriate. Programmatic actions can provide overlapping benefits, thus addressing several pollution sources at once. However, capital projects can yield immediate, measurable results in a specific location, such as reduction of sediment load to the Green River from a specific parking lot. An additional benefit of capital projects is that the City can implement any number of individual capital projects in any given year depending upon funding availability. Both capital and programmatic solutions are discussed in the next sub sections. 4.3.1 Programmatic Solutions The driving factor behind the comprehensive stormwater management plan is to comprehensively address drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat issues identified in the City of Tukwila. The type(s) of surface water issues that could be addressed by individual programmatic solutions are summarized in Table 5. Note that many of these activities are required in whole or in part by the City's NPDES Phase II permit. The remainder of this sub section discusses each of seven programmatic solutions in further detail. These seven types of programmatic solutions are education, incentives, changes to City policies or regulations, inspections and enforcement, illicit discharge detection and elimination, public involvement and compliant response, and operations and maintenance. 19 4.0 SURFACE WATER ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS TABLE 5 Surface Water Issue Types Addressed by Programmatic Solutions 4.3.1.1 Education Many surface water issues in Tukwila are caused by the everyday actions of people that live in or visit the City. While difficult, changing behavior patterns is a cost effective programmatic solution to surface water problems. Establishing public knowledge of the link between activities within the watershed and ecosystem health is imperative for the success of these education programs. The educational topics listed below would supplement the current City of Tukwila education program: Surface water runoff from existing residential lots Surface water runoff from new developments Improperly maintained surface water detention or treatment facilities Proper maintenance of septic systems (where applicable) Wastewater conveyance systems inspection and maintenance Dog and cat pet waste disposal Erosion management Wildlife Waterfowl (ducks and geese) General awareness of receiving water health and fostering `ownership' Education has drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat benefits. WBG031 61 1 1 034 1 1SEAiSURFACEWATERCOMPPLAN _DRAFT2012_0831_REV 4 -5 20 Surface Water Issue Type Required (in whole or in part) by Water Aquatic NPDES Phase II Program Element Drainage Quality Habitat Permit Education x x x x Incentives x x x Changes to City x x x Policies or Regulations Inspections and x x x Enforcement Illicit Discharge x x Detection and Elimination Public Involvement x x x x (including complaint response) Operations and x x x x Maintenance 4.3.1.1 Education Many surface water issues in Tukwila are caused by the everyday actions of people that live in or visit the City. While difficult, changing behavior patterns is a cost effective programmatic solution to surface water problems. Establishing public knowledge of the link between activities within the watershed and ecosystem health is imperative for the success of these education programs. The educational topics listed below would supplement the current City of Tukwila education program: Surface water runoff from existing residential lots Surface water runoff from new developments Improperly maintained surface water detention or treatment facilities Proper maintenance of septic systems (where applicable) Wastewater conveyance systems inspection and maintenance Dog and cat pet waste disposal Erosion management Wildlife Waterfowl (ducks and geese) General awareness of receiving water health and fostering `ownership' Education has drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat benefits. WBG031 61 1 1 034 1 1SEAiSURFACEWATERCOMPPLAN _DRAFT2012_0831_REV 4 -5 20 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 4.3.1.2 Incentives Incentives could be considered as a way to more quickly and more effectively obtain the targeted benefits of education. Incentives are one step over on the education- incentives- regulations- enforcement spectrum. Incentives are most often financial. Possible incentives include: Free "mutt mitts" for pet owners Reduced surface water fee with on -site surface water management implemented on private property Free technical assistance for private property owners wishing to implement on -site surface water management (such as rain gardens or rain barrels) Incentives would have drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat benefits. 4.3.1.3 Regulatory and Policy Changes Most existing drainage problems are best addressed with a capital project. However, programmatic solutions can be used to prevent future drainage problems by managing how new and re- development is conducted. Most of the water quality problems in Tukwila are caused by the activities of residents and visitors, including the way that people use the land. These pollutants cannot be removed practically by stormwater treatment facilities that are typically more effective at removal of point source pollution. Therefore, protection of water quality is dependent on improved regulations to address the source of the pollutants. Possible changes to City policies or regulations include the following: Require maximum potential infiltration on development and re- development sites Require zero stormwater discharge from all new development Establish a policy of no net increase in Effective Impervious Area in the City Establish a policy of no net loss of forest cover in the City Require annual inspections and corrections for septic systems (where applicable) Require that all new roads, driveways, parking areas and walkways be constructed of pervious materials such as pervious asphalt, concrete, or pavers Changes to policies or to regulations at the state or national level are outside the scope of this Plan. Changes to City policies and regulations would have drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat benefits. 4.3.1.4 Inspection and Enforcement Inspections are conducted during construction activities to ensure compliance with existing requirements. In Tukwila, these inspections might occur at less than-ideal frequency due to 4 -5 21 LrI�� 'J����Il� ^Irsltlrl.�[illttiG 7�3 lack of available personnel. In addition, enforcement is difficult. The inspection program would be enhanced and a more reliable and detailed recording system should be utilized. This recording system should be used to determine "hot spots" or "repeat offenders." Programmatic decisions affecting inspection and enforcement would incorporate input from the City's Planning and Development Services department. In addition to inspections of construction activities, Tukwila will need to develop an approach for inspections of privately -owned stormwater facilities such as detention ponds and vaults. Inspection and enforcement activities have drainage and water quality benefits. 4.3.1.5 Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination Illicit discharge detection and elimination is an NPDES Phase H permit requirement. The permit requires the City to have an ongoing program to detect, remove, and prevent illicit connections, discharges, and improper disposal, including spills, into the surface water system. The permit requires full implementation of an illicit discharge and elimination Disconnecting homes from septic systems and connecting them to piped sewers is a structural solution aimed at reducing the risk of malfunctioning septic systems affecting receiving water quality. Illicit discharge detention and elimination would benefit water quality. 4.3.1.6 Public Involvement Public involvement can promote awareness of and foster a sense of responsibility for the health of the watersheds of Tukwila and of the greater Puget Sound, and help identify problems and solutions. Engaging citizens in the reporting and documenting of surface water problems through phone hotlines increases detection of problems. Environmental stewardship activities should be increased. Individually targeted groups should include children, students, adults, and visitors. Public involvement activities can be coordinated with the educational activities mentioned previously. Volunteers can perform stream buffer planting, become stream watchers, and plant trees both on their own property and in public spaces. Public Involvement would benefit drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat. 4.3.1.7 Surface Water System Maintenance Currently, Tukwila City maintenance staff perform maintenance of the surface water system, including pipes, manholes, inlets and catch basins, ditches, open streams, and pump stations. Because of demands on limited resources, maintenance is too often done in response to a drainage complaint or issue rather than proactively. Proactive maintenance may also benefit water quality and aquatic habitat by reducing total sediment load to creeks. An example of this is cleaning out catch basins more often than required by the NPDES Phase II permit in sensitive areas such as near salmon- bearing creeks. Tukwila is required to ensure maintenance of private stormwater facilities in NPDES Phase II areas according to their NPDES Phase II permit. According to the permit, the City must er7 22 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN have a regular inspection plan for both public and private facilities. In addition to the inspection program, the City must have a program to work with private property owners to ensure that maintenance of the private facilities is occurring. Maintenance benefits drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat. 4.3.2 Capital Project Solutions Capital projects implemented as part of a comprehensive capital improvement program can together address many of the surface water problems identified in the City of Tukwila. Capital projects have the potential to reduce and /or store stormwater volumes, reduce peak flows, improve water quality, and restore aquatic habitat. This section includes descriptions of the methods that can be utilized to address these surface water issues using capital projects. The type(s) of surface water issues that could be addressed by capital projects are summarized in Table 6. The remainder of this sub section discusses each of the types of capital projects in further detail. Capital project types are organized by surface water issue type (drainage, water quality, and aquatic habitat). TABLE 6 Surface Water Issue Types Addressed by Capital Projects 4-8 WBG031611103411SEAl SURFACEWATERCOMPP LAN_DRAFT2012_0831 -REV 23 Surface Water Issue Type Water Aquatic Capital Project Type Drainage Quality Habitat Increase conveyance capacity x Provide drainage system (or re -route x existing) Infiltration x x On -site detention /retention x x Regional detention /retention x x Velocity Reduction (check dams, etc.) x x High flow bypass x x Impervious surface reduction x x Point source control x Water quality treatment x Conveyance system cleaning and x x inspection Land acquisition x x x Riparian buffer restoration protection x x x Channel stabilization x Channel physical habitat restoration x Replacement of culvert or other x infrastructure to be fish passable 4-8 WBG031611103411SEAl SURFACEWATERCOMPP LAN_DRAFT2012_0831 -REV 23 4.0 SURFACE WATER ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS 4.3.2.1 Drainage Capital projects meant to address altered hydrology (that is, water quantity) include infiltration, regional detention /retention, onsite detention /retention, reductions in impervious surface, velocity reduction, high -flow bypass facilities, dispersion, stream buffer restoration, and land purchase. The effectiveness of any of these alternatives can be limited by physical space constraints. The feasibility of any of these alternatives is also often limited by topography, soil conditions, and the presence of sensitive areas. Increasing Conveyance Capacity of a drainage network is often performed to alleviate localized drainage issues. Pipes are removed and replaced with a larger diameter pipe. Hydraulic and hydrologic analysis should be performed in order to assess downstream impacts of proposed conveyance capacity changes. Providing a drainage network where there is currently a formal system will provide conveyance of stormwater away from a location. Lack of a formal (that is engineered or planned) drainage network is common in areas developed before current stormwater standards. Infiltration is an extremely effective method to reduce stormwater runoff volumes and peak flows. Under pre development conditions, a significant portion of the annual precipitation infiltrates into the ground. After development and the corresponding increase in impervious surfaces that prevent infiltration, much more of the annual precipitation runs off as stormwater. Promoting infiltration is a method to reduce the impacts of development by mimicking natural hydrologic processes. Infiltration effectiveness is a function of soil infiltration capacity. Many areas of Tukwila have top soils conducive to infiltration. When local soils are not conducive to infiltration, soils amended with organic material can be brought in and placed over native soils. Even if the native underlying soils have low infiltration capacity, the infiltrated water will use the storage available in the soil column of the amended soil layer until infiltration into the underlying layer is possible. Moisture retained in the amended soil layer is available for plant uptake, including lawns. During construction activities, it is common for the native top layer of soil to be stripped away. In this case, amended soils should be introduced rather than relying on the remaining native soils. Planting, then maintaining, a lawn on the remaining native soil will require watering and fertilizing that would not be necessary if the native top layer were still in place or if amended soils were brought in. Regional detention/retention is a plausible structural solution. Regional detention could be used to detain erosive peak flows. Total volumes of stormwater runoff can be reduced through retention via evaporation, plant uptake, and infiltration. In addition to implementation of new facilities, existing regional detention facilities can be retrofitted to promote capacity and capability. Onsite detention/retention and other site specific measures are also effective at detaining peak flows and decreasing total volumes of stormwater runoff. Onsite detention and other site specific measures on public, City -owned property are considered capital project and are therefore discussed in this section. Onsite detention and other site specific measures on IT?TtTlkf3iilkii�']1•I T* tTi13��tTrT�7e1 ".'�R1�1I771�ik,I lTk 24 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN private property are discussed in the programmatic solutions section under education, incentives, and regulations. That said, it may be feasible to use public funds to fund on -site detention on private property if the benefit is shared by a larger group than just the private property owner. Dispersion, for purposes of this discussion, is considered a type of on -site stormwater management Reductions in impervious surface can reduce runoff volumes and velocities. Low Impact Development (LID) regulations can promote reduced widths of newly constructed roadways and is covered in the regulations section (programmatic), but retrofitting existing infrastructure is a structural solution. Pilot projects for reducing road widths and using permeable pavements can be implemented within the City to address water quantity concerns. Conveyance system cleaning and inspection provides information as to the condition of the stormwater conveyance system that allows for prioritization of rehabilitation, repair, or replacement efforts. In addition, cleaning of the conveyance system can increase the effective conveyance capacity by removing accumulated sediment and other material. Water quality benefits may also be obtained by removing that sediment from the stormwater system. Stormwater runoff velocities can be reduced using check dams and vegetation in existing ditches. In addition, high -flow bypass facilities can be installed in areas that are prone to erosion under high flow regimes. Stream buffer restoration can reduce stormwater volumes via plant uptake and reduce stormwater velocities by adding roughness to the flow path. Land acquisition can be an effective method to reduce developed land surface and therefore reduce impervious surface, promote infiltration, and retain the natural tree canopy. 4.3.2.2 Water Quality The most effective methods to reduce pollutant loading to the City of Tukwila's receiving waters are controlling pollutants at the source and controlling stormwater flows (that is, peak flows and volumes). Water quality treatment can also be an effective method but effectiveness is often limited by available technology. Channel stabilization also has water quality benefits. Source control measures tend to be programmatic in nature rather than structural and are therefore addressed in the programmatic solution section. However, control of point source water quality problems is covered in this section. Alternatives geared towards reducing volumes and peaks of stormwater runoff discussed in the drainage section also have positive impacts on pollutant inputs by reducing erosion and erosive capabilities of stormwater and by reducing total stormwater inputs to receiving water bodies. These solutions include infiltration, regional or on -site detention or retention, impervious surface reduction, velocity reduction, stream buffer restoration, and land purchase. The effectiveness of water quality treatment as an alternative is limited by available technology. Total suspended solids (TSS) is relatively easy to remove but other pollutants such as nutrients and heavy metals are not. Particulate -bound copper can be removed via 4-10 25 4.0 SURFACE WATER ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS treatment, but dissolved copper is difficult to remove. Though particulate -bound copper can be removed using sedimentation and filtration, dissolved copper requires adsorption, precipitation, or separation. The pollutant removal capabilities of stormwater treatment is dependent upon the concentrations of pollutants entering the treatment facility. The lower the influent concentration, the harder it is to remove. The term "irreducible limits" refers to the concentration at which no more of a constituent can be removed. The irreducible limit depends on available technology. The higher the influent concentration, the easier the constituent is to remove. Channel stabilization can be used to reduce channel erosion propagated by increasing stormwater peak flows and volumes. This structural solution can prevent significant erosion and minimiz the risk of increasing channel incision (that is, down cutting). The selection of a preferred water quality solution is dependent upon pollutants of concern in the receiving water body. 4.3.2.3 Aquatic Habitat Structural solutions aimed at aquatic habitat restoration include replacing culverts, flap gates, or other structures that block fish passage, restoration of physical features of creek and river channels, and riparian buffer restoration and protection. Any of these solutions can aid in aquatic habitat restoration. This Plan contains an inventory of blockages to fish passage in the Gilliam, Riverton, Southgate, and Johnson Creeks. Restoring physical features of creek channels and protecting and restoring stream buffers also have water quantity and water quality benefits, in addition to aquatic habitat benefits. Note that habitat restoration or protection projects on the Green or Duwamish Rivers will require significant partnerships with regulatory agencies and with other municipalities such as King County. Land acquisition can be an effective method to reduce developed land surface and therefore promote infiltration, retain the natural tree canopy, and restore stream buffers. Retention of the natural tree canopy and restoration of stream buffers promote improvement of aquatic habitat. 4.4 Solutions to Tukwila's Surface Water Issues The purpose of this sub section is to specify individual solutions to the surface water issues outlined earlier in this section. Table 7 outlines all major surface water issues identified during this planning effort. All of the surface water issues identified have been assigned one or more possible solutions. Each issue can be wholly or partially addressed by that, or those, solutions. Note that City -wide problems will need to be addressed by either a programmatic activity (such as a regulatory change) or else as a series (or program) of capital projects. Problems identified at specific locations may be addressed by a capital project, a programmatic action, or a combination of both programmatic and capital investment. A recommended solution is also shown in Table 7. In addition to the specific surface water issues shown in Table 7, several smaller drainage issues have been identified by the City of Tukwila and have been included on the Small 4419 26 CITY OF TUKWILA 2012 SURFACE WATER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Drainage Project List. The drainage issues on the Small Drainage Project List are addressed as a small drainage program. Note that both the programmatic activities and capital projects recommended as part of this Plan are described in Section 7 (Recommendations). 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Z ƒ %A2 §b g a 377 M3 \7 2 iE ��k 0 \2 Q 31 e e (D oc a a �z �m 7 �a) /v /G (D a) �E /D of& o\& CL C b 2 n q a B 0 c cl k CO 2 8 U) m 0 k a o C k k e2 c— 2 6 k k k a) �k %e� 2 w§ nCLo 32 q q k� Q 31 5.0 Capital Improvement Projects This section summarizes the eighteen capital improvement projects recommended for inclusion into the City of Tukwila's capital improvement program. These capital projects are organized by fund (412 Fund for drainage and water quality shown in Table 8 and 301 Fund for fish habitat shown in Table 9). Figure 7 shows the locations of each of these capital projects. Appendix E contains the details for each capital project, including cost estimates. 5.1 412 Fund (Drainage and Water Quality) TABLE 8 Drainage and Water Quality Capital Projects 412 Fund Estimated Total Project 6'S 32 Cost (March 2012 ID Project Name Basin Dollars) 98641222 S 143 St storm drain system Duwamish River $1,096,000 98741202 Nelson /Longacres Phase II Nelson /Longacres $678,000 98941202 Christensen Rd. pipe Gilliam Creek $327,000 replacement 99341208 Gilliam Creek 42 Ave S culvert Gilliam Creek $702,000 99441202 Soil Reclamation Facility Nelson /Longacres $3,504,000 90341206 Northwest Gilliam Storm Gilliam Creek $1,978,000 Drainage System 90341213 53` Ave S storm drain system Duwamish River $1,557,000 90341214 S146 th St pipe and 25` Ave S Southgate Creek $882,000 drainage 91041203 Storm Lift Station No. 15 P17 $698,000 Improvements 91041204 E. Marginal Way S Stormwater Duwamish River $772,000 Outfall 91241201 Water Quality Retrofit Program Duwamish River $287,000 91241202 Tukwila Pkwy /Gilliam Cr Outfalls Gilliam Creek $278,000 91241203 Tukwila Urban Center Gilliam Cr. /P17 $541,000 Conveyance Inspections 91041204 E. Marginal Way Conveyance Riverton Creek $85,000 Inspection 6'S 32 0 6 33 D4120 180th t P uJget Sound I JohnSer 20 th V Capital Improvement Projects City of Tukwila Stormwater Pipe Drainage King County Unincorporated Drainage Basins A Drainage/Habitat Other Municipalities A Outfall 0 Habitat 33 5.0 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS 5.2 301 Fund (Fish Habitat) TABLE 9 Fish Habitat Capital Projects 301 Fund Estimated Total Project 5-3 34 Cost (March 2012 ID Project Name Basin Dollars) 90330104 Nelson Side Channel Nelson /Longacres $1,497,000 90630102 Duwamish Gardens Duwamish $3,000,000 99830103 Riverton Creek Flap Gate Riverton Creek $946,000 Removal 99830105 Gilliam Creek Fish Barrier Gilliam Creek $816,000 Removal 5-3 34